Figure 41.9 Representative Symphyta: a, Siricidae (Sirex juvencus, female; scale equals 2 mm); b, Tenthredinidae (Tenthredo; scale equals 2 mm); c, Cephidae (Cephus clavatus; scale equals 1 mm). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.10 Orussidae (Orussus; scale equals 2 mm). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.11 Representative Apocrita Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.12 Proctotrupoidea and Cynipoidea: a, Proctotrupoidea, Proctotrupidae (Proctotrupes; scale equals 0.5 mm); b, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae (Andricus californicus; scale equals 1 mm); c, wings of Ibaliidae (Cynipoidea). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.13 Chalcidoidea Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.14 Chrysidoidea: a, Bethylidae (Anisepyris williamsi; scale equals 0.5 mm); b, Chrysididae (Parnopes edwardsi; scale equals 1 mm); c, wings of Bethylidae (Pristocera armi); d, wings of Chrysididae (Chrysis). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.15 Scolioid Vespoidea: a, Tiphiidae (Paratiphia verna; scale equals 1 mm); b, wings of Tiphiidae (Tiphia); c, wings of Scoliidae (Scolia nobilitata); d, wings of Mutillidae (Timulla vagans). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.16 a, Pompiloidea, Pompilidae (Priocnemoides unifasciatus); b, Formicoidea, Formicidae ( Camponotus); c, Vespoidea, Vespidae (Polistes metricus); d, Vespidae, wings (Pseudomasaris vespoides); e, Formicidae, wings (Camponotus morosus). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.17 Sphecoidea, Sphecidae: a, Ammophila cleopatra; b, Bembex americanus; c, wings of Ammophila; d, wings of Tachytes. Scales equal 1 mm. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41. 18 Apoidea, Apidae: a, Ceratina strenua (scale equals 0 Figure 41.18 Apoidea, Apidae: a, Ceratina strenua (scale equals 0.5 mm); b, Bombus pensylvanicus (scale equals 1 mm); c, Apis mellifera, wings. b, Basal cell in hind wings; s, submarginal cells. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Figure 41.19 Apoidea: a, frontal view of head of Andrenidae (Andrena gardineri); b, wings of Halictidae, bv, basal vein (Halictus ligatus); c,hind tarsus of Apidae, showing corbicula (c) (Apis mellifera); d, hind tarsus of noncorbiculate Apidae, showing scopa (Anthophora curta). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc.