Ocean Currents and Waves http://www.oceanweather.com/data/

#9 Notes and Handouts Foldable:

Classwork #3 Current Demo

#10 Notes and Handouts Foldable

Equatorial Countercurrent

Southern Hemisphere Antartic Circumpolar Current (a.k.a. West Wind Drift) = Largest current Monsoons

North Atlantic Gulf Stream-def. North Atlantic Current Splits into… 1. Norway Current 2. Canary Current Labrador Current

On Back- N. Atlantic North Atlantic Gyre Sargasso Sea Sargassum

North Pacific Kurshio Current North Pacific Drift California Drift The “Gulf Stream” for Pacific Ocean North Pacific Drift California Drift

#11 Notes and Handouts Foldable

Antarctic Bottom Water Densest and Coldest Ocean Water: Extremely Cold (-2° C) High Salinity Moves N-ward along the bottom to ~40°N Takes 100’s of years to make the trip

North Atlantic Deep Water Moves Southward under the Gulf Stream Deep Currents near Mediterranean Sea High Salinity in Mediterranean Sea caused by high evaporation and low precipitation ON BACK: Turbidity Currents -Strong current cause by underwater landslide

Ch 21 Sec 2 Ocean Waves

#12 Notes and Handouts Foldable

Wave Parts

On Back- Definitions Wave – A periodic disturbance in a solid, liquid or gas as E is transmitted through a medium Wave period – Time for two consecutive wave crests to pass a given point Frequency – # of wavelengths that pass in 1 second Wave speed Wave speed = Wavelength/Wave Period

Ocean Motion http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1604/es1604page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

# 13 Notes and Handouts Foldable

Inside the Foldable- 3 Factors that affect wave size- Speed of Wind Length of Time Wind Blows Fetch- the distance that wind can blow across open water Increase factor  Increase Wave Size

Small- (Back of Flap) Ripples Caused by friction between moving air and water

Large- (Back of Flap) Form as a ripple Receive more Energy (E) from the Wind Higher Speed  Larger E transmit.  Larger Wave ↑ Time blowing  Larger E transmit.  Larger Wave ↑ Fetch  Larger E transmit.  Larger Wave

On Back Swell – White Caps – DEFINE: Group of long, rolling waves that are of similar size; move in groups in which one wave follows another White Caps – Form when wind blows the crest off of waves; reflect the sun and allow less radiation to reach the ocean

#14 Notes and Handout Foldable

Breakers A foamy mass of water that washes onto the coastline. Formed when top of the waves topples over. Height = 1 to 2x larger than original wave Scrape sediments off floor and move along coastline. Erode rocky coastlines.

Refraction Process by which ocean waves bend toward the coastline as they approach shallow water. Point in shallow – slow Point in deep – fast

Undertows vs. Rip Currents an irregular current formed when breaking waves get pulled back into deep water by gravity. Rip Currents – form when water from large breakers return to ocean through channels cut through underwater sandbars.

Longshore Current Form when waves approach the beach at angle. Flow parallel to shore. Makes sandbars. Sandbars – Low ridges of sand

On Back Tsunami Aka “Tidal Wave” but it is NOT caused by tides

#15 Notes and Handouts Foldable http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~electric/greenenergy3.htm

On Back Tide – Tidal Range – periodic rise and fall of water level in ocean due to gravitational pull of moon on earth. Tidal Range – diff in levels of ocean water @ high and low tide.

High When water level at highest. Ocean on side of Earth nearest moon bulges as does the opposite side

Low Lowest when water leaves. Form halfway between 2 high tides.

Spring Higher high tides and lower low tides during a new moon or a full moon Moon, Sun, and earth line up High Tidal Range

Neap Lower high tides and higher low tides during the 1st and 3rd qtr phases of moon when S E and M. Low Tide Range

#16 Notes and Handouts Foldable

On Back Tidal Oscillations – slow, rocking motions of ocean water formed as the tidal bulges move around ocean basins.

Little Effect Straight Coastlines

Greater Effect Enclosed seas Small basins and narrow bays Reduces effects of tidal bulges Small tidal range Small basins and narrow bays Increase effects of tidal bulges Large tidal range

#17 Notes and Handouts Foldable

On Back Tidal Current – Tidal Bore – Movement of water towards or away from the coast. Tidal Bore – A surge of water that rushes upstream

Flood Tide When the tidal current flows towards the coast.

Slack Water The time between flood tide and ebb tide, where there are no tidal currents.

Ebb Tide When the tide flows towards the ocean. http://www.answers.com/topic/tide