The Scientific Revolution Chapter 21 Lesson 1

Scientific Breakthroughs Ptolemy – Astronomer of antiquity Ptolemic System – Uses Ptolemy and Aristotle’s ideas to create a model of the universe Geocentric – earth was at the center of the universe Ptolemic System

Scientific Breakthroughs Earth is fixed (doesn’t move) Moon is in first layer Mercury is second Venus is third Sun is 4 Tenth sphere is “prime mover” Beyond tenth is Heaven, where God resides Ptolemic System

Copernicus Mathematican Heliocentric – sun centered Sun was center, and all the planets revolved around it, except the moon Rotation of Earth on its axis

Kepler Elliptical (egg shaped) Sun was at the end of the ellipse

Galileo Galilei Italian Scientist who used the telescope What were the planets made of? Using the telescope he found: Mountains on Earth's moon Four moons revolving around Jupiter Sunspots Everything was made of some material like earth was How do these fit together? We need to still explain motion

Sir Isaac Newton Three laws of motion Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it For every action there is a equal and opposite reaction Universal law of gravitation Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity Explains why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical orbits around the sun

Medicine and Chemistry Andreas Vesalius -  Accurately described the individual organs and general structure of the human body William Harvey showed that the heart, not the liver, as Galen had thought, was the beginning point for the circulation of blood.  Blaise Pascal experimented with how liquids behaved under pressure – Syringe and hydraulic press Robert Boyle - Boyle's Law, which states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it

Philosophy and Reason René Descartes – Doubt Forget all he has learned and start again Accepted only what his reasoning said was true “I think, therefore I am” “The mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different”  Father of rationalism. This system of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

Francis Bacon Use inductive reasoning (proceeding from the particular to the general) Observation and experimentation of animals and objects (particular) will lead to an understanding of the natural world (general) A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence