Materials: 1 worksheet Get notes from pages 363-371 out on desk for me to check Catalyst: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below: Central Dogma, Gel Electrophoresis, Missense, Mutagen, Restriction Enzyme, Transformation Mutations happen all the time and can be natural or caused by ______________. One type of mutation is a/an ___________ which is when an amino acid is changed. Genetics is based around one main idea called the ___________________. If I took a piece of DNA from a bacterium and put it into a rabbit, we would call this process _______________. In order to get a DNA fingerprint, we can cut up the DNA using a ______________ and separate the fragments by length using ________________.

Announcements Prepare for SQ12 on Wednesday! Over Mutations Grades post today!

SQ11 Title: SQ11: Transcription and Translation Points possible: 22 Points earned: top of fraction Mastery Percentage Graph your mastery on the back

SQ 11 Averages 1st: 69.4 2nd: 83.0 4th: 75.1 5th: 68.2 6th: 73.8

Objectives I can develop an opinion on a controversial issue and effectively express my view to classmates. I can explain how the use of technologies may cause social, moral, ethical, and legal issues.

How the debate will work You will be divided into 3 teams. There are no right answers to any of these questions-they are all based on your opinion YOU MUST RAISE YOUR HAND IF YOU WANT TO SPEAK-you CANNOT interrupt For every contribution, your team gets 1 point If you interrupt or shout out, your team loses 1 point. Winning team gets 10% added to their SQ12!

How the debate will work If you want to disagree, you cannot just say they are wrong or dumb or stupid or in any way attack the person-you should direct your comments to their points. Your goal is to have a conversation and try to convince them of your point-attacking them will just make them angry with you and make it less likely they will even listen to your point

Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA Chemicals, computers, and bacteria are used to work with DNA. Scientists use these tools in genetics research and biotechnology.

Have you ever wondered? How do detectives use a blood sample to tell who committed a crime?

DNA Extraction

Restriction enzymes cut DNA. Restriction enzymes act as “molecular scissors.” come from various types of bacteria allow scientists to more easily study and manipulate genes cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence called a restriction site

Different restriction enzymes cut DNA in different ways. each enzyme has a different restriction site

Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size. A DNA sample is cut with restriction enzymes. Electrical current pulls DNA fragments through a gel.

Gel Electrophoresis

A restriction map shows the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites. only indicate size, not DNA sequence useful in genetic engineering used to study mutations

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting is used for identification. DNA fingerprinting depends on the probability of a match. Many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA. The probability that two people share identical numbers of repeats in several locations is very small. (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father)

Individual probabilities are multiplied to find the overall probability of two DNA fingerprints randomly matching. 1 1 1 1 500 90 120 5,400,000 1 chance in 5.4 million people x = Several regions of DNA are used to make DNA fingerprints.

DNA fingerprinting is used in several ways. evidence in criminal cases paternity tests immigration requests studying biodiversity tracking genetically modified crops

Using DNA Fingerprinting

DNA Fingerprints and Paternity

DEBATE A government organization is proposing to have all citizens of the US submit a sample of their hair so that their DNA can be scanned and kept on file. Each person's DNA would be kept in a national database so that police could access the DNA when a crime was committed. Do you? a. Support this legislation b. Oppose this legislation c. Suggest the legislation be modified, only people with criminal records should be scanned.

An insurance company is requiring individuals to get genetic testing performed to determine whether they have a higher risk of heart disease, cancer, or other diseases. They are requiring that all people wanting health insurance tested. What do you do? a. find another insurance company, that information is none of their business b. submit my DNA for a test, I'd like to know anyway. c. file a lawsuit against the company

Reading DNA Fingerprints

New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA. Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits. Genetic engineering is based on the use of recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism. (bacterial DNA)

Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA. plasmids are loops of DNA in bacteria restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA foreign gene inserted into plasmid

Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits. A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.

Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce human proteins. gene inserted into plasmid plasmid inserted into bacteria bacteria express the gene Transgenic plants are common in agriculture. transgenic bacteria infect a plant plant expresses foreign gene many crops are now genetically modified (GM)

Transformation

Transgenic (genetically modified)

Transgenic (genetically modified)

We already know how to grow an ear on a mouse We already know how to grow an ear on a mouse. A soldier in Iraq steps on an IED (improvised explosive device) and loses his ear. Is it ok to replace the ear of that soldier if it means killing the mouse?

An agricultural company has found a way to make tomatoes 50% larger by splicing elephant genes into the tomatoes. Will you: a. Buy the tomatoes and have no problem eating them b. Probably not buy or eat the tomatoes c. Protest the company. It's not right to fool with mother nature!

Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. transgenic mice used to study development and disease gene knockout mice used to study gene function

Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering. possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity

Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer. nucleus is removed from an egg cell nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg

Cloning

Cloning

Cloning has potential benefits. organs for transplant into humans save endangered species Cloning raises concerns. low success rate clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal decreased biodiversity

Pet cloning is now available at the local mall Pet cloning is now available at the local mall. You used to have a pet dog named Charlie, but he died two years ago. Now you learn that you can get a new Charlie by just bringing in a sample of his hair. What do you do? a. Find a strand of Charlie's hair as soon as possible. Can't wait to see Charlie again! b. Let sleeping dogs lie. (Don't clone Charlie)

Cloning technology is perfected Cloning technology is perfected. A clone can be made from adult tissue samples. You learn that you need a kidney transplant, but there are no donors available. A doctor suggests that you make a clone of yourself, so that the kidney would be a perfect match. What do you do? a. One is enough of me, I'll wait for a donor. b. Clone myself, two is better than one.

Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders. Genetic screening involves the testing of DNA. determines risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder used to detect specific genes or proteins can detect some genes related to an increased risk of cancer can detect some genes known to cause genetic disorders DMD N

Karyotypes

Reading Karyotypes

Reading Karyotypes

Reading Karyotypes

Reading Karyotypes

Gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes. Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease.

Gene therapy has many technical challenges. inserting gene into correct cells controlling gene expression determining effect on other genes

You've found out that the child you (or your wife) carries has the gene for dwarfism. A new therapy exists that may repair this gene before the child is born. What do you do? a. Allow the child to be born with the gene, and we will accept the child as is. b. Attempt the new therapy to repair the gene c. Terminate pregnancy.

A company can now create test tube babies according to parent specifications. The company can make sure that your child has all the traits you desire - hair color, intelligence, athletic ability, etc….. What do you do? a. Sign me up, I want my child to be perfect. b. I'd rather let nature take its course. c. We might adjust some things to make sure the child is healthy (and has no genetic abnormalities).

Your family is known to have Huntington's disease Your family is known to have Huntington's disease. Huntington's is a disease that causes its victims to slowly lose their ability to speak, walk and function. Ultimately, Huntington's causes death. The symptoms do not usually appear until the person is in their forties. There is a test that will tell you whether you have the gene for Huntington's disease. What do you do? a. I would take the test, so that I would be better prepared for the future, and could make sure my family was taken care of. b. I would not want to know.