Bellringer – 11/5 Title: Montesquieu According to the author, why should these branches be separated? “Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression. There would be an end of everything, were the same man, or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.” Baron de Montesquieu - Spirit of Laws, 1748

The Enlightenment Chapter 17 – Section 2

Literacy and the Salon How did the ideas of the Enlightenment spread? Printed Materials – A growth in the publishing industry and the ability for a wider audience that could read led to books directed at middle class citizens. Magazines and Newspapers were cheap and popular. Salons – These were regular meetings of intellectuals and influential people. Conversation was the focus of the gathering. Writers, artists and philosophers were invited to discuss philosophical themes before an audience of aristocrats, government officials and wealthy middle-class people.

Rene Descartes Wanted to solve the doubt and uncertainty of the era through reason. Discourse on Method - “I think therefore I am,” Known as the Father of Rationalism – the belief that reason is the source of knowledge.

John Locke Argued that all humans are born with a Tabula Rasa – or a blank slate, meaning that all men are created equal. His ideas suggested that knowledge comes from experience and observation. He argued that all men are born with natural rights – Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Property. The only duty a government has is to protect the rights of its citizens. If a government cannot protect these rights, the people should establish a new government.

Voltaire Voltaire strongly believed in religious toleration, and often criticized Christianity. He advocated Deism - the belief that God created the universe to run without his interference. Voltaire’s most famous quote is, “ I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Denis Diderot Ignored his father’s wishes and instead became a freelance writer in many subjects and languages. He compiled the Encyclopedia – A 28 Volume collection of knowledge. The Encyclopedia included articles that supported religious tolerance. It was sold to doctors, clergy, teachers and lawyers.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract: Rousseau states that society enters a contract to be governed by the majority’s will. Emile: In this book he argues that education should foster children’s natural instincts. He argued that emotions and reason work together in gaining knowledge. .

Adam Smith He believed the government should not interfere with the economy Laissez-faire- “to let(the people) do(what they want)” The Wealth of Nations – Governments should only have 3 roles: Protect society from invasion Defend citizens from injustice Keep up with public works, infrastructure that private individuals cannot afford.

Mary Wollstonecraft Founder of the Women’s Rights Movement. A Vindication of the Rights of Women – Compared the power of men over women to the power of a king over their subjects. Women have reason, and are entitled to the same rights as men.

Religion During the Enlightenment Many books, including the Bible were easy to buy and this helped people learn how to read. John Wesley, who founded the Methodist Church, taught about Jesus in open fields. He wanted to preach to the poor. Even with all the science going on at the time, people needed spiritual healing and practiced good works.

Unscramble these Thinkers!!! We will review their main accomplishments Math Maids A Crystal Wolf Mentor A Recess Rented Ol Jock Hen Question Emu Nerd Oddities So Quasar Sauce Jejune Rot Alive

Bellringer – 11/6 Title: Women in the Enlightenment How do you think Mary Wollstonecraft wanted women of this era to act? “My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone. I earnestly wish to point out in what true dignity and human happiness consists—I wish to persuade women to endeavour to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness, and that those beings who are only the objects of pity and that kind of love, which has been termed its sister, will soon become objects of contempt.” Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792

The Arts During the Enlightenment Built upon the new style of rococo – based on grace, charm and gentle action.

Bellringer 8/29: Who championed religious tolerance and practiced Deism? A. Voltaire B. John Locke C. Montesquieu D. William Harvey