The Beginning of the Civil War 1861-1862

Quiz- Chapter 10/Causes of the Civil War Find your Chapter 10 Homework Find your research notes for your timeline project You may use your notes on the quiz

Advantages/Disadvantages Plans of War Who should win? Advantages/Disadvantages Plans of War

Secession South believed that they would no longer be represented equally because new Republican gov’t did not support their way of life (slave system) “The only hope for its preservation…is out of the Union.” SC, AL, MI had committed to secession if Lincoln won the election State convention held in Dec. 1860 SC leads other states (MI, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX) to secede

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Northern Responses to Secession Buchanan denounced secession as unconstitutional, but said it couldn’t be stopped by force Blamed it on Republicans’ refusal to compromise Called for obedience to Fugitive Slave law, amendment to protect slavery & annexation of Cuba Lincoln said revolution was only a “moral right when exercised for a morally justifiable cause” Refused calls to compromise on expansion of slavery Rejected proposals to let the seceding states leave the Union Refused to give up federal powers over military forts in South (which CSA needed to become a nation)

The Confederate States of America Constitutional convention met in Montgomery, Ala. Feb. 4, 1861 Mostly copied U.S. Constitution Emphasized states’ rights Guaranteed protection of slavery Provisional government established: Jefferson Davis named President Alexander Stephens named Vice President

Lincoln’s First Inauguration, March 1861

I. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Confederate officials began seizing federal property-mints, arsenals, and military posts. Fort Sumter was a Federal outpost in Charleston, SC.

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Confederate forces asked for its surrender. Lincoln refused and sent ships with supplies. Confederate cannons began firing on April 12, 1861.  Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later. The Civil War began.

The War Begins Lincoln’s decision to resupply Ft. Sumter was stroke of genius Fulfilled Inaugural Address pledge to hold federal property in rebel states Forced rebels to make decision to start war Davis decided to take fort before resupply ships arrived Beauregard shelled fort April 12-13, 1861 Anderson surrendered April 13 Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down rebellion on April 15 VA, NC, TN & AR seceded & joined CSA

Rating the North & South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & South

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Northern Advantages Lincoln - Very intelligent and dedicated Larger population North 22 million South Only 9 million More ships Larger, more efficient railroad system More industry - 81% of nation’s factories Better banking system to raise $ for the war 75% of nation’s wealth

Northern Disadvantages Fought on Southern lands Divided support for the war Many believed the South had good chance of winning Lincoln’s failure to secure a good general

George McClellan, Again! Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!

McClellan: Too cautious

Southern Advantages Fighting a defensive war Local support of all men familiarity with terrain Motivation: seeking independence, unified support Short communication lines/ friendly population Experienced officer corps- (Lee, Jackson, Pickett) Cotton - necessary for textile factories of England and France Slave Labor part of the war

The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

Southern Disadvantages Smaller population Few factories to manufacture weapons and supplies Poor transportation system Weak federal government = not strong enough to control Southern states Jefferson Davis did not have complete power like Lincoln

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Overview North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan Goal: surround the Confederacy and squeeze them into submission

The Anaconda Plan Capture Richmond and force surrender Expel Confederates from border states Gain control of the Mississippi River to Stop the transport of: soldiers Weapons Ammunition Clothes Food other supplies needed Blockade southern ports to stop cotton shipments supplies from foreign nations

Southern Strategy Goal: to be recognized as an independent nation in order to preserve their way of life Defend its homeland, holding onto as much territory as possible until the North got tired of fighting (war of attrition) Capture Washington, D.C. Control border states Gain England's support Expel Union troops from South

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 South Carolina The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. Major Robert Anderson of the United States Army had moved his troops to the base because he feared a Confederate attack. In the early morning of April 12, 1861, the Confederates launched an attack. Northern troops under Anderson’s command returned fire, but were ineffective. The Confederacy continued its attack with prolonged gunfire, and the Union troops in the fort surrendered a day later. One Confederate soldier and four Union soldiers were killed in the battle. CICERO © 2010

First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 Virginia First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 The First Battle of Bull Run took place on July 21, 1861. General Irvin McDowell led the Union army toward Richmond, Virginia. General P.G.T. Beauregard’s Confederate troops intercepted them. The battle lasted about five hours. Confederate forces began to retreat due to losses, except General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who continued to fight until reinforcements arrived. The reenergized Confederates pushed McDowell’s forces out of the area. Union casualties were high, almost three thousand; and the Confederates suffered two thousand casualties. CICERO © 2010

Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Tennessee The Battle of Shiloh raged from April 6 until April 7, 1862. Union troops had found Confederate General Albert Johnston’s forces near Corinth Road, but they were not prepared for an attack. The Southern troops forced them to retreat toward the river. Although the Confederate soldiers had gained ground, they suffered many losses. On the second day the Union army claimed ground in the early morning, throwing off Beauregard’s troops. The Confederacy, however, had an exceptional defense and stopped the Union soldiers before the Confederates retreated. CICERO © 2010

The War at Sea The Battle of the Ironclads also is known as the Battle of Hampton Roads and the Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack. This battle was fought off Sewell’s Point near Hampton Roads, Virginia. It was the first naval battle between two ironclad ships, the Union’s USS Monitor and the Confederacy’s CSS Virginia, which was rebuilt from the USS Merrimack. The battle took place over two days, and the Virginia destroyed many of the Union’s wooden ships. The next day, the two ironclads clashed at sea, and the Virginia was damaged. Neither side claimed victory in this battle, but the battle revealed the future of naval warfare. Ironclad, steam-driven ships were at a decisive advantage against wooden sailing vessels. CICERO © 2010