درس بيولوژي خاک دو واحد تئوري بيولوژي خاک سه واحد يك واحد عملي

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درس بيولوژي خاک دو واحد تئوري بيولوژي خاک سه واحد يك واحد عملي بيولوژي خاک سه واحد دو واحد تئوري يك واحد عملي ارزيابي دانشجويان حضور در کلاس امتحان ميان ترم امتحان پايان ترم گزارش آزمايشگاه و امتحان آن

سرفصلهاي بيولوژي خاک معرفي موجودات خاکزي و انتشار و پراكندگي آنها نقش موجودات خاکزي در گردش عناصر غذايي گياه تثبيت بيولوژيكي نيتروژن استفاده عملي از ريزوبيومها تجزيه تركيبات مختلف آلي

کتابهاي مرجع بيولوژي خاک بيولوژي خاک ناهيد صالح راستين ميکروبيولوژي خاک (رهيافتي کنجکاوانه) ترجمه لکزيان بيولوژي خاک ترجمه نوربخش ميکروبيولوژي خاک گيتي امتيازي موجودات تثبيت كننده ازت دكتر مسعود خيامي فعاليتهاي ميكروبي در ريزوسفر ترجمه لكزيان اصول وكاربرد ميكروبيولو‍ژي خاک ترجمه لكزيان Soil microbiology and biochemistry Paul & Clark Principal and application of soil microbiology Sylvia

سوالات جلسه اول از نقش Selman و waskman در ميکروبيولوژي و ترجيحا در ميکروبيولوژي خاک چه مي دانيد؟ جمعت باکتريها در سانتي متر مکعب 90/000/000 است و جمعيت بشر در دنيا 5/000/000/000 نفر است. چه حجمي از خاك جمعيت باکتريايي معادل انسانهاي کره زمين دارد؟

چرا ميکروبيولوژي خاک را مطالعه مي کنيم؟ دانستن بيولوژي و ميکروبيولوژي خاک درک علوم کشاورزي و محيط زيست را امکان پذير مي کند. مطالعه ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک اهمیت دارد زیرا آنها جريان مواد غذايي بسمت گياه را کنترل مي کنند. ميکوريزا گلسنگ ريزوبيوم- لگومينه مطالعه ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک اهمیت دارد زیرا عامل امراض گياهي- حيواني و انساني هستند. سفيدک سطحي

مطالعه ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک اهمیت دارد زیرا در چرخه عناصر غذايي نقش مطالعه ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک اهمیت دارد زیرا در چرخه عناصر غذايي نقش دارند. چرخه کربن- گوگرد - نيتروژن مطالعه يکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک اهمیت دارد زیرا در سميت زدايي آلا ينده ها نقش دارند. تجزيه علف کشها - تجزيه آفت کشها احياء Hg++ ----------- Hgo ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک اهمیت دارند زیرا توليد کننده آلاينده ها هستند. توليد متان - تغيير مزه آب با آکتينو ميستها

ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي خاک منبع غذا براي بسياري از موجودات ديگر هستند. ميکرو ارگانيزمهاي مهندسي شده تواناييهاي زيادي دارند. پس بايد پذيرفت که: ميکروارگانيزمهاي خاک موتور محرکه اکوسيستم ها بيوماس ميکروبي مثل چشم سوزن است آينده بشر به شناخت ميکروارگانيزمها وابسته است. پس مطالعه ميکروبيولوژي خاک ضروری است.

اندازه وزني ريز جاندارن خاك در هكتار 100 m × 100 m × 0.15 m × 1300 kg/m = 1,950,000 kg/ ha Viruses > 0.01 ton / ha Bacteria 1 - 2 ton /ha Fungi 2 - 5 Protozoa 0.1 - 0.5 Nematodes 0- 0.2 Earthworm 0 – 2.5 Plant root 10 – 50 Total > 60

تعداد ريز جاندارن خاك The number of organisms in one cubic centimeter Viruses unknown Bacteria 90,000,000 Fungi 200,000 Protozoa 5,000 Nematodes 30 Earthworm >1 Alga 30,000 Total 91,000,000

هدف از درس بيولوژي خاک چيست ؟ شناخت موجودات خاکزي تعداد موجودات زنده خاک ..... تنوع موجودات زنده خاک ..... توزيع جغرافيايي موجودات زنده خاک ..... پراکندگي موجودات زنده خاک ..... فعاليت مداوم موجودات زنده خاک ..... اثرات متقابل آنها با بخش اسکلتي بخش اسکلتي خاک 99 % (مواد آلي & مواد معدني) بخش موجودات زنده 1% A w S OM MO 99 1 خاک از دو قسمت تشکيل شده است آيا كميت کم دليل بر اهميت کمتر است؟

آيا خاک موجودي زنده است ؟ ويژگيهاي موجود زنده : تنفس جذب اکسيژن و دفع دي اکسيد کربن تغذيه تغير با زمان (پيدايش و تحول وتکامل) حرکت خستگي و فرسودگي توليد گرما توان ترميم پذيري خاک موجودي زنده است که ترکيبي از سلولهاي زنده در بستري از مواد آلي و معدني است. خاک زنده بودنش را مديون موجودات خاک است

مطالعه ميکروبيولوژي خاک بيو ژئوشيميايي : چگونه محيط را از نظر شيميايي تحت تاثير چرخه مواد غذايي : چگونه مواد آلي باز يافت مي شوند تغيير جهاني : بر دما و شيمي اتمسفر چگونه اثر دارند. اکولوژي : بر محيط و ساير موجودات چگونه تاثير مي گذارند فيزيولوژي : چگونگي رشد و متابوليسم تاکسونومي: شباهت ها و ارتباطات پاتولوژي: در رابطه با بيماريها همزيستي: ارتباط بين موجودات خاک

تاريخچه ميکروبيولوژي عمر ميکروبيولوي به عمر کشاورزي مي رسد اختراع ميکروسکوپ توسط آنتوني لي ون هوک ميکروگرافييا اولين کتاب ميکروبيولوژي هوک تولد دانشمنداني نظير لويي پاستور، رابرت کخ و سرگي وينوگرادسکي به ميکروبيولوژي شتاب داد. لويي پاستور 1895-1822 شراب سازي فرانسه، پاستوريزاسيون ،Spontaneous generation رد شد شناخت عامل سياه زخم (Bacillus anthracis) ،بيماري هاري و آبله مرغان Chance favors the cell prepared mind

رابرت کخ آلماني 1910- 1843 تهيه محِيط کشت فرضيات کخ زماني که لويي پاستور و رابرت کخ درگير ميکروارگانيزمهاي بيماريهايزا بودند. سرگي وينوگرادسکي بر روي فعاليتهاي ميکروبي که در خاک رخ مي داد تحقيق مي کرد سرگي وينوگرادسکي مطالعه فرآيند نيتريفيکاسيون تـثبيت نيِتروژن Clostridium Pasteurianum دانشمندان ديگر نظير بيجرينگ (شناسايی باکتری تثبيت کننده نيتروژن) ، فلمينگ( پني سيلين) ، ليپمن و واکسمن (پدر ميکروبِيولوژی خاک آمرِيکا) را ميتوان بعنوان پيش قراولان اين رشته نام برد.

اختراع ميکروسکوپ تهِيه محيط کشت ميکروبی گاز کروماتوگرافی لوازم ژنتيک مولکولی انفجار در میکروبیولوژی خاک

گروه بندي موجودات خاک نحوه تغذيه Biophagous Carnivores Herbivores حفار بودن يا نبودن نوع حرکت مدت اقامت در خاک اندازه بدن اتکا يا عدم اتکا به آب Aquatic و Terrestrial نحوه تغذيه Biophagous Carnivores Herbivores Microbivores Omnivores Saprophagous Detritivores Necrophagous Coprophagous ابعاد بدن طول بدن: ميکرو 2/0 ، مزو 10-2/0 ، ماکرو فون 10 قطر بدن : ميکرو 1/0، مزو 2-1/0 ، ماکرو 20-2 مگا فون 20

File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Macro: Vertebrates ( gophers,Mice, snakes) Molluscus ( Snails and Slugs) Anthropods ( beetles, ants, centipodes spiders, .....) Annelids ( earthworm)

Prairie Dogs:They are larger than more common gophers Prairie Dogs:They are larger than more common gophers. Animals such as these are important to the prairie soil community because they contribute to the development of healthy soils. سگهاي مرغزار File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Prairie Dogs File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

A book holds a house of gold Be not afraid of growing slowly, be afraid only of standing still File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Gophers They are common on the prairies. Their diet consists of the roots and leaves of native grasses and other herbaceous plants (as well as crop plants). They also eat insects and partly cannibalistic. Their reputation for eating crops has led to them being extensively shot, poisoned, or trapped. Gophers are important food for many prairie animals including burrowing owls, foxes, ……. موش نفب زن

They are able to close their mouths behind their front teeth, allowing them to dig without swallowing the soil.

The Problems associated with Pocket Gophers: Burrowing is one of the most significant behaviors of the pocket gopher. They construct a complex burrow system and uses the tunnels to locate and gain access to food items, as well as to secure shelter, to disperse and to obtain mates. It is the construction of the burrow system and the resulting surface mounds which have (in part) made pocket gophers a pest in forage fields in Manitoba.

Controls Moles and Gophers Do you agree with me? A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in twenty minutes.

When mouse numbers are reasonably high, they can cause considerable losses to agriculture by eating recently-sown and/or germinating seedlings, seed heads of maturing cereals, and stored grain. They can also damage electrical wiring, buildings and farm machinery. Losses Australia-wide can reach $100 million a year.

File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

The venom itself is comprised of complex proteins that either destroy tissue (hemotoxins), or the nervous system (neurotoxins), or both. Rattlesnakes are more likely to be tissue destroyers while cobras tend to inject neurotoxins. File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Macro: Vertebrates ( gophers,Mice, snakes) Molluscus ( Snails and Slugs) Anthropods ( beetles, ants, centipodes spiders, .....) Annelids ( earthworm) File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

لطفا دقت فرماييد

حلزونها و رابها Snails and Slugs are members of Phylum known as Mollusca. Molluscs come in many different forms: predominantly categorised as soft-bodied animals ,without body segmentation that often have an external shell made of calcareous material. Snails and Slugs are known as gastropods, which means 'stomach foot'. This describes the way in which the body and internal organs of slugs and snails has been twisted back so that the stomach lies above the large fleshy foot of these animals. All gastropods have a well-developed head with eyes and 1-2 pairs of tentacles File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Most gastropods are hermaphrodites. Eggs are Life Cycle: Most gastropods are hermaphrodites. Eggs are then usually laid in the soil or under rocks, while some species may give birth to live young. Feeding: Most gastropods are herbivores and scavengers feeding on fungi, dead animal materials and plant matter A few are carnivorous and may prey on other snails. File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

راب Tentacle

Adaptation

Adaptation & Reproduction Eggs

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Most native species can be found hiding under logs Habitat Gastropods are found in a variety of habitats across Australia but favour moist environments. Most native species can be found hiding under logs and rocks, in leaf litter or under the bark of trees. During humid weather or times of rainfall they can be seen foraging for food or looking for mates. Slugs are particularly susceptible to drying out but some snails may wait out a dry period by sealing themselves to a hard surface with dried mucus and staying inactive. File name: Testate amoeba LR.jpg, 179K Credit: Elaine R. Ingham, Oregon State University, Corvallis

نقش حلزونها و رابها در خاك تجزيه مواد آلي بدليل داشتن آنزيمهاي گوارشي متعدد سلولاز و آنزيمهاي تجزيه كننده هيدراتهاي كربن خرد كردن لاشبرگها توليد مواد موكوپروتئيني عمدتا ساپروفيت حالت بيوفاژي هم قابل رويت