The Counter-Reformation Plan to save the Catholic Church: Strong popes support Key Events: 1. Society of Jesus/Jesuits (1540) 2. Inquisition (1542) 3. Council of Trent (1545-1563) 4. Index of Prohibited Books (1564-1960s)

Three things Reaffirm doctrines Campaign to spread RCC teachings ( remember age of exploration) Stamp out Heresy Inquisition ( roman inquisition) Index of forbidden books

The Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III 5 key issues 1. Two authorities: scripture and tradition 2. Catholic Church had the sole right to judge the “true sense & interpretation of scripture” 3. Salvation: Faith & Good Works 4. Reaffirmed: purgatory, indulgences and venerations of saints and relics, transubstantiation the need for the teaching and tradition 5. Asserted the supremacy of the Pope Est. the Index of Prohibited Books

The Jesuits Est. by Ignatius Loyola and his committee Used education, preaching, & diplomacy to strengthen the Church Spread Catholicism around the world - missionaries Increased literacy - schools Emphasized the importance of good works – orphanages, helped prostitutes and the poor At popes disposal

The Ursulines Started by Angela Merici The Jesuits taught, so would the Ursulines. They educated women. Initially, Ursulines wore no habit and did not remain cloistered. Angela died in 1540 and with the Council of Trent (1560s) women were restricted. Because the church needed teachers, the Ursulines were protected, but by 1612 they were required to remain cloistered and the students boarded in the convents.

Images to be used to teach That images and paintings are to be used to help depict the teachings of the RCC.

Pierre Le Gross Religion Overthrowing Heresy 1659

Pierre Le Gross Religion Overthrowing Heresy 1659

Cont…

Baroque 1600 – 1750. From a Portuguese word “barocca”, meaning “a pearl of irregular shape.” Implies strangeness, irregularity, and extravagance. The more dramatic, the better!

Baroque Style of Art & Architecture Dramatic, emotional. Colors were brighter than bright; darks were darker than dark. Counter-Reformation art. Paintings & sculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed. Ecclesiastical art --> appeal to emotions. Holland --> Real people portrayed as the primary subjects.

Baroque Sculpture v. High Renaissance Bernini, David, 1623 Michelangelo, David, 1501

Raphael Artemesia Gentileschi

Cornaro Chapel & St. Theresa in Ecstasy

Four Rivers Fountain, Piazza Navona

The Vatican

Inside…. Tomb of Urban VIII Scala Regia (1663)