Chapter 3: The Modernization of Quebec and the Quiet Revolution 1945-1980

The cold war (1947-1991) Allied with Western Europe and Canada U.S.A vs. USSR Allied with Western Europe and Canada Believes in capitalism and democracy Allied with China, Cuba and other communist countries Believes in communism

The cold war The two countries (US and USSR) promoted their ideologies and wanted to increase their spheres of influence around the world. The two countries never attacked the other directly, but they often participated in proxy wars, where they provided military and economic support to their allies (ex: Korean war, Vietnam war) Korean conflict explained The Cold War is characterized by propaganda, espionage and a (nuclear) arms race.

Document interpretation

Duck and Cover DRIlLS What link can be made to Drills that are practiced today in schools? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=120wGLgCTkg The Deifenbunker in Canada (p. 209 in your textbook)

Canada and the Cold WaR The Canada, being an ally of the U.S., participated in the Korean war, sending over 25,000 soldiers overseas. The war industry in the United-States was growing during this time period, and so Canadian exports of natural resources (metals) to the U.S.A also saw an increase during this time. American investment in Canadian companies grew during the 1950s as a result of the Cold War.

Review Questions Identify two characteristics of the Cold War. What factor led the United-States to import more Canadian natural resources? What change occurred to Canadian exports between 1946 and 1950?

The duplessis era 1945-1960 Maurice Duplessis was the leader of the Union Nationale. He was reelected as Premier of Quebec in 1944 and stayed in power until 1960.

MORE PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY: POLITICAL IMPACT MORE PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY: Duplessis rejected the programs and subsidies provided by the federal government. (The federal government, inspired by Keynesianism, wanted to increase its intervention in the economy). Duplessis reintroduced the Provincial Income Tax, in order to gain more provincial autonomy. Duplessis criticized the federal government’s equalization system: provinces must give a portion of their money to the federal government, who will then redistribute the money among the poorer provinces, in an attempt to reduce inequalities between provinces.

Economic Impact Increase in the number of U.S. investors in Quebec: Duplessis supported economic liberalism (the government should not play a role in the economy) He put in place measures that would attract investors (private companies) to help develop Quebec’s economy. (ex: tax breaks to certain types of companies). Increased exploitation of natural resources (Côte-Nord and Nouveau Québec regions): Between 1945 and 1960, the Côte-Nord and Nouveau Québec regions were exploited by American companies because they were rich in metals and ore.

Economic Impact Modernization of Agriculture: Duplessis believed the agricultural industry was one of the most important in Quebec and he wanted to encourage it. In 1945: Duplessis Promoted Rural Electrification Programs: the goal was to bring electricity to the farms and increase their production capacity. This would encourage economic development in the regions of Quebec.

Review Questions What measure was put in place by the federal government, in order to reduce inequalities between provinces? In 1954, what measure did Duplessis put in place in order to increase provincial autonomy? Does Duplessis support Keynesianism or Liberalism? Which regions of Quebec developed during the 1950s, due to the investment of American capital? Which sector of Quebec’s economy did Duplessis want to modernize?

Cultural impact Power and influence of the Catholic Church: The Church continued to play an important role in Quebec politics during the Duplessis Era. (Clericalism) The Church controlled the education and health care systems (with funding provided by the government). The level of education of Francophones was inferior to that of Anglophones. People had to pay for themselves if they were sick or injured (no health care)

Opposition by intellectuals and artists: Cultural impact Opposition by intellectuals and artists: Many artists and intellectuals opposed Duplessis traditional and conservative ideas. Instead they supported, secularism (the church and state should be separate). 1948: Le Refus Global: a declaration published by 15 artists, speaking out against the conservative ideas of Duplessis and the Church. 1950: Cité-Libre: a magazine founded by P.E. Trudeau and other intellectuals; they published articles about liberty, denouncing conservatism, nationalism and the corruption of the Duplessis government.

Social impact Increase in population: Baby-Boom (1945-60): the population increases because: The rate of Natural Growth increases: more people are having more babies. The rate of infant mortality declines: more people are giving birth in hospitals Influx of immigrants arrive to Canada: Between 1940 and 1960 around 400,000 immigrants arrive. Most immigrants come from Western Europe

Social Impact Increased influence of American Culture: Because of television more people in Quebec have access to American TV shows and movies. American values (liberty, material comfort, individualism, and economic success) become more present in Quebec society. Emergence of a consumer-society : Mass consumption, availability of credit and the influence of advertising leads to people buying more and more products.

How does this image represent a consumer-society?

Do you know any of these american icons from 1950??

Review Questions During the 1950s, which institution controlled education and health services in Quebec? Which ideology goes against the Clericism of Duplessis? What is the name given to the period of increase natural growth after WWII? Describe Quebec society in the 1950s.