BIC 10503: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Chapter 1 Introduction

Overview Why study computer architecture? Architecture and Organization Structure and Function History and Evolution of Computer

Why Study Computer Architecture? Understand where computers are going Future capabilities drive the (computing) world Real world-impact: no computer architecture ! no computers! Understand high-level design concepts The best architects understand all the levels Devices, circuits, architecture, compiler, applications Understand computer performance Writing well-tuned (fast) software requires knowledge of hardware Get a (design or research) software job Best software designers understand hardware Need to understand hardware to write good software

Architecture & Organization Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Organization is how features are implemented Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture & Organization 2 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility At least backwards Organization differs between different versions **One of the advantages of having the SAME architecture is that the same software can be used in the newer computer models with DIFFERENT computer organization.

Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

All computer functions are: Data processing Data storage Data movement Control

Functional View

Operations (a) Data movement

Operations (b) Storage

Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O

Structure - Top Level Computer Peripherals Central Input Processing Unit Input Output Computer Systems Bus Main Memory Communication lines

Structure - The CPU CPU Computer Arithmetic Control and Unit Logic Unit Control Unit I/O System Bus CPU Internal CPU Bus Memory Registers

Structure - The Control Unit CPU Sequencing Logic ALU Control Unit Internal Bus Control Unit Registers and Decoders Registers Control Memory

History and Evolution of Computer Generation I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation VI **Read Chapter 2 (Computer Evolution and Performance) in William Stallings book.

Generation I : 1946 – 1957 Use tube vacuum technology to process and store data. Disadvantages  More heat dissipation Need more tube vacuum to recover the bust vacuums. Use more electricity Example: ENIAC, EDVAC

Generation II: 1958 – 1964 Replaced vacuum tubes with transistor Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device, made from Silicon Invented 1947 at Bell Labs First minicomputer –DEC PDP-1, 1957

Generation III: 1965 – 1971 Integrated Circuit (IC) – the third generation of computer - Main computing components (transistors, capacitors, resistors) are integrated into single component Also called as Microelectronic era Microelectronic means “small electronics” A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-8.

Generation IV: 1972 – 1977 Use technology of Large-Scale Integration (LSI) – more than 1,000 components can be place into one integration circuit chip.

Generation V: 1978 - 1991 Use technology of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) – more than 10,000 components can be place into one integration circuit chip. The beginning of supercomputer – have more than one processor that can be functional concurrently to solve the problems.

Generation VI: 1991 - Present Use technology of Ultra Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) – more than 100,000,000 components can be place into one integration circuit chip.

Generations of Computer Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964 Small scale integration - 1965 on Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium scale integration - to 1971 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration - 1971-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration – 1991 - Present Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Moore’s Law Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel observed in 1965 that “the number of transistors on a chip will double every year” The law is hold and the implications to the computer technology are: Increased density of components on chip Cost of a chip has reduced Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability

Growth in CPU Transistor Count

Intel 1971 – Intel 4004 Followed in 1972 by Intel 8008 First microprocessor All CPU components on a single chip 4 bit of bus width, 108kHz clock speed, 2300 transistors Followed in 1972 by Intel 8008 8 bit of bus width, 108kHz clock speed, 3500 transistors Both designed for specific applications 1974 - Intel 8080 8 bit of bus width, 2MHz clock speed, 6000 transistors Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor Used in first personal computer – Altair

Intel Evolution (1) 1978 - Intel 8086 1982 - Intel 80286 much more powerful 16 bit of bus width, 5-10MHz clock speed, 29000 transistors instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 1982 - Intel 80286 16 bits of bus width, 6-12.5MHz clock speed, 134000 transistors 1985 - Intel 80386 32 bit of bus width, 16-33MHz clock speed, 275000 transistors Support for multitasking

Intel Evolution (2) 1991 - Intel 80486 1993 - Pentium sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining built in maths co-processor 1993 - Pentium Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel 1995 - Pentium Pro Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution

Intel Evolution (3) 1997 - Pentium II 1999 - Pentium III MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing 1999 - Pentium III Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics 2000 - Pentium 4 Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals Further floating point and multimedia enhancements 2006 - Core 2 Duo 64 bit of bus width, 1.06-1.2GHz clock speed, 167 million transistors 2011 – Core i7 64 bit of bus width, 3.5GHz clock speed, 1170 million transistors **read Intel website

Category base on  Usage Category of Computer Category base on  Usage General use Computer can be use to do many tasks according to the given instruction. Special use Computer is developed for specific purpose. Many insruction for this computer is build in permanently.

Category of Computer Category base on  Size 1. Micro Computer Formerly known as PC (personal computer) . Memory size = small Can be use by one user at a time. 2. Mini Computer Can support 40 terminals – 40 users at a time.

Category of Computer Category base on  Size 3. Mainframe Can support more than 100 terminals. Have more specific function compared to PC and mini computer. 4. Supercomputer Ability to process the tasks in very fast way. Have several unit of processors that can functioned concurrently.

Software A group of computer program that connect user to the computer hardware or devices. Have sequence of instructions that must be complied by all computer components. Two types: SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Instruction Set Architecture ISA is the interface to the hardware. It is related to programming. It includes:- machine language instructions registers data types

Conclusion The evolution of computers has been characterized by increasing processor, speed, decreasing computer size, increasing memory size and increasing I/O capacity and speed.

Charles Babbage Institute PowerPC Intel Developer Home Internet Resources http://www.intel.com/ Search for the Intel Museum http://www.ibm.com http://www.dec.com Charles Babbage Institute PowerPC Intel Developer Home

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