Modern World History Chapter 13, Section 4 A Flawed Peace

Paris Peace Conference (#1) On January 18, 1919, a conference to establish the terms to end World War I began at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris. Attending the talks, known as the Paris Peace Conference, were delegates representing 32 countries. For months, this conference would be the scene of vigorous, often bitter debate.

The Big Four (#2) This group of leaders was known as the Big Four dominated the peace talks in Paris at Versailles. David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France Woodrow Wilson, President of the U.S.

Wilson’s Plan for Peace (#3) During the war Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points—an outline for lasting world peace Calls for free trade, an end to alliances, and military buildups Promotes self-determination —right of people to govern their own nation Envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes

Disagreements Between Big Four (#4) Britain and France opposed Wilson’s ideas and wanted to punish Germany They also wanted to limit Germany’s war-making powers Germany had agreed to the armistice with the understanding that the Fourteen Points would be used in determining the peace treaty Wilson wanted treaty to set rules to maintain future peace After a year of tense negotiations, Allies and Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919

The Treaty of Versailles (#5 & #7) Ideas from Wilson’s Fourteen Points: Creates League of Nations – international organization to keep peace Reduction of militaries (but treaty only required Germany to do so) Principle of Self-Determination leads to creation of new nations from land taken from Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (losers of war) Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia The Treaty of Versailles (#5 & #7)

Europe Pre-World War I (1914) Russia Germany Austria- Hungary Ottoman Empire

New European Countries Post World War I Finland-land lost by Russia Estonia-land lost by Russia Latvia-land lost by Russia Lithuania-land lost by Russia Poland-restored from land lost by Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Romania-gained land Yugoslavia

The Treaty of Versailles (#6) Ways the Treaty Punished Germany: Blames Germans for starting the war (war guilt clause) Forces Germany to pay damages (reparations) to Allied nations League to rule German colonies until deemed ready for independence German land on French border given to France Size of German army and navy limited

Mandates in Africa and Middle East French Mandate of Syria French Mandate of Lebanon British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Transjordan British Mandate of Iraq British Togoland French Togoland British Cameroon French Cameroon Belgian Ruanda-Urundi British Tanganyika South-West Africa (controlled by South Africa)

“A Peace Build on Quicksand” (#8) Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war U.S. never ratifies Treaty of Versailles Many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with Europe Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence (not allowed self-determination) Japan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less land than they want US Senate Treaty of Peace

Long-term Effect of the War (#9) The bitterness created by the treaty would not go away This would eventually lead to another catastrophic war in Europe