World Organisation for Animal Health Organisation mondiale de la santé animale Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

An intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924 by 28 countries OIE An intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924 by 28 countries Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

168 Member Countries (January 2007) Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) : In May 2004, the OIE totaled 167 Member Countries. En mai 2004, l’OIE comptait 167 Pays Membres. Americas: 29 – Africa: 51 – Europe: 49 – Middle East: 13 – Asia: 26

The OIE’s objectives to ensure transparency in the global animal disease and zoonosis situation to collect, analyze and disseminate scientific veterinary information to provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) : [source : www.oie.int] Objective 1 : To ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation “Each Member Country undertakes to report the animal diseases that it detects on its territory. The OIE then disseminates the information to other countries, which can take the necessary preventive action. This information also includes diseases transmissible to humans and intentional introduction of pathogens. Information is sent out immediately or periodically depending on the seriousness of the disease. This objective applies to disease occurrences both naturally occurring and deliberately caused. Dissemination is via the OIE Web site, e-mail and the following periodicals: Disease Information, published weekly and the annual compilation World Animal Health.” Objectif 1 : Garantir la transparence de la situation des maladies animales et des zoonoses dans le monde « Chaque Pays Membre s'engage à déclarer les maladies animales qu'il détecte sur son territoire. L'OIE diffuse alors l'information à tous les autres pays afin qu'ils puissent se protéger. Cette information concerne également les maladies transmissibles à l'homme. Elle est diffusée en urgence ou de façon différée selon la gravité de la maladie. Ces objectifs de surveillance et de suivi s'appliquent à la fois aux événements sanitaires naturels ou intentionnels. Les supports de diffusion sont le site Web de l'OIE, le courrier électronique et les périodiques suivants : Informations sanitaires, publiées chaque semaine, et le recueil annuel Santé animale mondiale. »

The OIE’s objectives (cont.) to improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary Services within its WTO mandate, to safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products to provide a better guarantee of the safety of food of animal origin, and to promote animal welfare, through a science-based approach Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) : [source : www.oie.int] Objective 3 : To provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases “The OIE provides technical support to Member Countries requesting assistance with animal disease control and eradication operations, including diseases transmissible to humans. The OIE notably offers expertise to the poorest countries to help them control animal diseases that cause livestock losses, present a risk to public health and threaten other Member Countries. The OIE has a permanent contact to international regional and national financial organizations in order to convince them to invest more and better on the control of animal diseases and zoonosis.” Objectif 3 : Apporter son expertise et stimuler la solidarité internationale pour contrôler les maladies animales « L'OIE appuie techniquement les Pays Membres qui le souhaitent pour soutenir des opérations de contrôle et d'éradication des maladies animales, y compris celles transmissibles à l'homme. L'OIE propose notamment son expertise aux pays les plus pauvres pour les aider à contrôler les maladies animales qui provoquent des pertes dans leur cheptel, peuvent mettre en danger la santé publique et menacent les autres Pays Membres. L'OIE maintient un contact permanent, au niveau régional et national, avec les organismes financiers internationaux afin de les convaincre d'investir plus et mieux dans le contrôle des maladies animales et des zoonoses. »

The OIE Early Warning System Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

The OIE Global Information System (WAHIS) WAHID Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

OIE's WTO mandate (cont.) Standards-setting organizations food safety CODEX plant health IPPC animal health OIE Codex = Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission OIE = World Organization for Animal Health IPPC = International Plant Protection Convention (FAO)

OIE International Standards available on the OIE Website Terrestrial Animal Health Code – mammals, birds and bees Aquatic Animal Health Code – fish, molluscs and crustaceans Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) : Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals

Reference Laboratories Collaborating Centres Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

181 in 30 countries covering 101 diseases and topics 157 experts Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Emerging diseases Globalisation Global warming Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

75% of emerging diseases are zoonoses. Almost all the new human diseases come from an animal reservoir Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Manuel requirements for vaccines Examples: Vaccination Code guidelines Manuel requirements for vaccines Examples: ►Foot and Mouth Disease ► Classical Swine Fever ► Avian Influenza Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Use of Marker vaccines Distinguish the protective immune response from the immune response induced by contamination Example CSF : field virus Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Example on Avian Influenza Use of Vaccination: Example on Avian Influenza Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Strategy from Beginning: To Minimize Threat at Animal Source Early warning and early detection Rapid and transparent notification Rapid confirmation of suspects Rapid response containment, management of poultry movements and humane stamping out use of vaccination when available and if appropriate Improvement of governance and legislation in compliance with OIE international standards Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Main constraints to HPAI control Weakness of national veterinary services Often no appropriate legislation in place Disincentives for reporting disease Limited ability to control poultry movements and to increase biosecurity Difficulty of implementing stamping out and vaccination Insufficient laboratory diagnostic capacity and capability Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Important Lessons learned Control programs involving all stakeholders have had most success in controlling the virus Vaccination can limit spread but used alone it will never eliminate avian influenza viruses Compensation is crucial to encourage transparency Good Governance including legislation and efficient VS are essential Support through evaluations and gap analysis, using PVS instrument, is crucial to design priority actions and investments Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Important Lessons learned Early detection and rapid adequate response has prevented spread and persistence of disease in some countries Delayed detection and response, and too much decentralization has led to persistence of the virus in other countries Some developing and in transition countries are at the limit of their abilities to eradicate the disease Improvement of governance, including strong national chain of command is essential Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Development of Guidelines on the implementation of AI Vaccination To guide countries in their decisions whether to implement vaccination programs or not To establish detailed guidelines and a decision tree for the application, monitoring, precautionary measures of vaccination strategies Guidelines distributed during the Vienna Conference World Conference on AI Vaccination in March 2007 (Verona, Italy 2007) Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Vaccination Guidelines: Country situation Epidemiological situation Poultry production systems Logistical factors (vet services, cold chain) Diagnostic capacity Compensation mechanism Objective of the campaign (emergency, preventive, routine) Strategy (mass, targeted, ring) Monitoring Financial Resources Production capacity Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

Conclusion Vaccination is a very important tool for manage animal health. However, above all it is necessary to ensure good animal health governance Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :

World organisation for animal health Organisation mondiale de la santé animale 12 rue de prony 75017 Paris, France Tel: 33 (0)1 44 15 18 88 – Fax: 33 (0)1 42 67 09 87 Email: oie@oie.int http://www.oie.int Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :