BELLWORK: November 21st How did the Battle of the Marne lead to the development of Trench Warfare? Why did trench warfare lead to a stalemate? List the effects of gas weaponry. How was aircraft used in WWI? THINKER: What is a war of attrition?

Key Operations and Technological/Weapon Developments Fighting WWI Key Operations and Technological/Weapon Developments

Battle of the Marne September 7-12, 1914 Result of the German advance into France (Schlieffen Plan) and pursuit of the Allied armies (Battle of the Frontiers) Germany reached the outskirts of Paris when six French armies and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) launched a counter-attack along the Marne River Caused Germany to retreat  “race to the sea” Allied victory against Germany, but set the stage for trench warfare and a stalemate on the Western Front

French planes saw Germans heading straight for Paris (not as planned) – they spotted an opening in Germany’s Western flank = counter-offensive! Germany ordered retreat (failure of Schlieffen Plan)

Why did trench warfare lead to a stalemate on the Western Front?

“Race to the Sea” Outflank one’s enemy! Requires them to defend in two directions! In the fall of 1914, a series of movements and counter movements extended the Western front to the English Channel Added to the deadlock, stalemate situation!

How was aircraft used in World War I?

WWI Aircraft Zeppelin (Germany) British Airship https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1oxX4Q6ndo

Aircraft was vital in supporting naval warfare & ground troops

WWI Dogfights https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f85CDEpiMhQ

What is a war of attrition? A military strategy in which one side attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in morale, personnel, supplies, etc. This is key in TOTAL WAR!

What new weapons were developed during WWI What new weapons were developed during WWI? How did these new weapons lead to a change in tactics on the Western front?

New weapon advances in WWI Tanks Machine Guns Mortars (shot a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance) Flamethrowers Barbed Wire Mustard Gas

List the effects of Gas Weaponry.

BELLWORK: November 22nd Read the two sources about “Chemical Warfare” on pages 131-132. Compare and contrast the two accounts of being attacked by gas. What were the goals of the Iraqi army with regards to its use of gas? What about Germany? Gas was not used extensively in 20th century wars after 1918. Why might this be? THINKER: In your opinion, is gas any more or less “humane” than other weapons? Explain!

Poison Gas attack against a Kurdish village; 1988

German Gas Attack on Allied Trenches: 1914-1916

Discuss! What conditions did soldiers face on the Western front?

Disease No proper system of waste disposal Soldiers would use tins to deposit waste and throw them over the trench. Large numbers of decomposing bodies filled up the trenches This attracted rats who carried diseases, like malaria and influenza.

Trench Foot

Shellshock Also known as Combat Stress Reaction (CSR) In WWI, shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat The horrors of trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed and the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56%.

HOMEWORK: Due Monday! Read pages 133-139 and complete the following on your note worksheet: Operations: Verdun Somme Passchendaele 1918 Technological Developments/Weapons: Communications Machine Guns Tanks Submarines (PAGE 143)

The Century, America’s Time: Shellshock! Follow along with the video worksheet! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GBWDQ5cF_U

Video: Shellshock Today you will watch the episode “shellshock” from the series, The Century: America’s Time. This episode focuses on the path to WWI, fighting on the Western front, new weapons & US involvement. As we watch, use the worksheet to take notes on: US neutrality & involvement Important battles New fighting tactics, weapons, strategies Social/cultural impact of WWI Russian involvement

BELLWORK: November 27th What communication difficulties did armies face fighting in the trenches? How did they overcome this? Describe the progression of the machine gun during WWI. How did this contribute to fighting strategy? How were tanks used? Why were tanks unpopular within the German army?

What communication difficulties did armies face fighting in the trenches? How did they overcome this?

Other communication methods

Describe the progression of the machine gun during WWI Describe the progression of the machine gun during WWI. How did this contribute to fighting strategy? Early machine guns were heavy, hard to transport, required several men to operate and overheated Later, they added coolant & made them lighter = increased effectiveness; could fire 1,200 rounds a minute and were mass produced

How were tanks used? Why were tanks unpopular within the German army?

HOMEWORK: Due Wednesday Read 5.4: “The war beyond the Western Front” Pages 140-146 I will check annotations for points! Make sure your annotations focus on major developments, battles, and their impact on the war.