Kingdom Fungi Sections 18-2 and 23-2 It is believed that bread-making with yeast began in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians discovered that mixing wheat with ale produced a lighter texture in bread. What was the fungus in the ale that caused this effect? (Yeast) Student activity? Making bread. View BioVue on fungi.

Ingredients: A Recipe for Mushrooms Substrate (compost): hay horse droppings (urine,) corn cobs poultry droppings Spawn: mostly the mycelium of a mushroom

Directions: A Recipe for Mushrooms Prepare the substrate: mix ingredients, sterilize Combine spawn to substrate, mix Wait then harvest mushrooms

Draw a mushroom Cap Stalk Hyphae: root-like fibers Mycelium: a group of hyphae Spores: inside gills

Examine a Mushroom Cap Stalk Gills Ring Basidia Spores

Cap Stalk Ring? Gills Basidia: inside gills, small Spores: attached to basidia

Nutrition Extracellular digestion Digestive enzymes are secreted into the substrate, digested food is absorbed into the mycelium.

Reproduction Haploid spores are produced The life cycle of a mushroom

The basidia are located in the gills. The stipe is the stalk. Haploid to diploid (n to 2n) The germinating basidospore produces the the (hyphae?) or mycelium. In the mycelium by fusion. Basideospores are produced by meiosis. Basideospres are dispersed by wind!

Beneficial Fungi Yeast Mushrooms Morels Truffles Penicillin- medicine food

Non-beneficial Fungi Rusts Rhizopus Black bread mold Puffballs Toadballs Toadstool Ringworm Tomato blight Cucumber scab Athlete's foot

Phylum: Zygomycota Common mold Black Bread mold Produce sporangia

Phylum: Basideomycota mushrooms

Phylum: Deutromycotes Imperfect fungi Ring worm Athlete's foot etc.

Phylum: Asocomycota Yeast truffles morels sac fungi

Phylum: Imperfect Fungi

References http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/488/499991/CDA29_1/CDA29_1a/CDA29_1a.htm Excellent bisideomycetes life cycle  

Lichens Green scale-like patches on rock and trees Symbiotic partnership fungus (water, minerals) cyanobacteria (photosynthesis) soil builders Survive in harsh environments

LICHENS- A primary producer

LICHEN Lichen is a combination of two separate organisms - fungus and cyanobacteria The fungus provides a structure that may protect the alga from drying and harsh conditions The algae provides the food supply using photosynthesis

Lichens are also dye sources, and is used as a food-coloring agent and to form litmus, the acid-base indicator. In arctic and alpine regions such lichens as reindeer moss serve as food for caribou, reindeer and other mammals.

Answer Key 1.        Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism. 2.        Because both partners benefit this is an example of mutualism. 3.        Fungi can reproduce both __sexuallyandasexually 4.        The members of kingdom fungi are heterotrophic/heterotrophic they use other organisms for food. 5.        The filaments that make up a fungus are called hypha. 6.        Together these filaments are called the mycelium. 7.        If the filament is an unspecialized root it is called a rhizoid. 8.        The different phyla of fungi are separated based on their fruiting body, or spore-producing structure. 9.        In bread mold, a sporangia is a structure that produces spores. 10.     The fungus yeast is an exception, but most other fungi are multicellular, unlike the members of kingdom Protista. 11.     In fungi, internal membranes, for example, a nuclear envelope, are present, making them eukaryotic, unlike the bacteria. 12.     If an organism uses dead organisms as a food supply as many fungi do, it is called a saprophyte. 13.     Athlete’s foot is a fungus that uses a living organism as a food supply. It is a parasite. 14.     The outermost structure of a fungal cell, the cell wall, is different than plants. It contains a polysaccharide called chitin.. 15.     Fungi are important decomposers in the environment. Using extra cellular they breakdown dead organisms and release their nutrients into the environment. 16.     After this process the fungi use absorption to obtain these nutrients. 17.     A spore does not contain a double set of chromosomes. It is a haploid cell. 18.     A single spore lands on a piece of bread and produces a sporangium and new spores. This is an example of asexual reproduction

Fungus Xerox 18-2 11 heterotropic eukaryotics 1 c 12 chitin 2 d 13 hypha 14 mycellium 15 spore 16 basdeomycota 17 EC 18 EC deuteromycetes 19 sexually and asexually 20 asexual 1 c 2 d 3 a 4 f 5 g 6 e 7 g 8 b 9 e 10 f

Fungi Xerox 18-2 (cont.) 21 22 23

FUNGI BOTH PLANTS

Fungi – 23-2 13 Heterotrophs 14 outside 15 Hypha 16 Mycelium 1 b 2 h 3 d. 4 i 5 f 6 b/h 7 g 8 e 9 f E.C. 10 c 11 i E.C. 12 a 13 Heterotrophs 14 outside 15 Hypha 16 Mycelium 17 Perforated 18 Asexually 19 Fruiting Body 20 Deueromycetes