City Bellwork What city did you choose to live in? Why? Answers Vary

Objective WWABT: Identify and review major moment and people from 3rd quarter

Interactive Notebook Setup 3/26/2018 Black Founded Cities Chart This will be one page

MAJOR MOMENT AND PEOPLE FROM 3rd QUATER 5 most important events from 1860 to 1910. For each event you will need to do the following: Include a specific date(ideally Day, Month and Year) Include a 1-2 Sentence summary of the event Include a 2-3 Sentence explanation for WHY this is was chosen as an essential events in American History Who are the 5 most important people from 1860-1910. For each person you will need to do the following: 1-2 Sentences explaining who they are 1-2 Sentences explaining why they are so important

TEST TUESDAY 4/3 TOPICS: Reconstruction Jim Crow Era and Segregation Rise of the KKK & Lynchings HBCUs and Black Education Major Black Leaders The NAACP The West American and Native Relations

The West Bellwork What are at least three things that come to mind when you hear the phrase “The American West” Answers Vary

Migration Bellwork Why might a family decide to migrate or move to a new area? Come up with at least THREE reasons? Work/Economic opportunities, Be closer to community/family, Get away from abuse/persecution, Health/medical reason, ect

Objective WWBAT: Discuss causes of Western migration and the development of the trans-continental railroad

Homestead Act & Exodusters Cattle Kingdom Railroads

Interactive Notebook Setup 3/27/2018 Western Expansion and Economics This will be one page

Homestead Act & Exodusters Railroads

The Homestead Act In 1862 the US government passed on of the most important pieces of legislation when it came to settling the West It was called the Homestead Act

The Homestead Act The government gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would farm it for 5 years This gave people a huge incentive to move out to Western lands It also created economic opportunities for poor Easterners to start a new life

People who acquired free land from the government act were called homesteaders By 1900, half a million farmers have settled on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act.

The Homestead Act Over 90% of land was given to white settlers However the same things that drew white settlers also attracted black settlers Black settlers were also motivated by a hope of escaping Jim Crow oppression

Exodusters Black settlers that moved west during the 1870s-1890s For many the CLEAR abandoning of Reconstruction motivated the move Mostly moved to Midwest states, mostly by steamboat Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas Over 25,000 black folks moved as part of this migration

Exodusters Most black settlers worked in farming Many were caught off guard by the harsh climate and geography of the Midwest Some Black settlers formed their own towns/communities to support one another

Exodusters Many settlers changed their economic plans as they moved West Men became cowboys and railroad workers Women opened laundromats, restaurants, and worked as cleaners and teachers

Exodusters White Southerners often worked hard to prevent this migrations because it would reduce the numbers of cheap agricultural laborers Black would be falsely arrested or imprisoned, have unbreakable additions made to their sharecropping contracts, or simply by physically threatened

The Railroad Boom In 1865, America had 50,000 miles of railroad, primarily in the Northern states No railroads went West America experienced a tremendous railroad boom after the Civil War Over 150,000 miles of track was built between 1865-1895

Railroads! One of the most important developments to encourage the development of the West was railroads The East Coast had already build thousands of miles of railroads The development of mining encouraged building Railroads in the West This lead to a desire to build a transcontinental railroad

Why Build a Transcontinental Railroad? Growth of West Coast West Coast gold and silver Shorter trip to move West Connect East with West for business Solidify the Union Achieve Manifest Destiny

Railroads! Congress passed the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864, giving railroad companies loans and land grants to encourage the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad Government helped create The Union Pacific Company to build railroad from the East and meet the Central Pacific

The Game Plan Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Begin in Sacramento, CA Broke ground January 1863 Union Pacific Railroad Begin in Omaha, NE Broke ground in late 1863 but no tracks laid until 1865 Route along the 42nd Parallel Meeting place: Promontory Summit, UT

Railroads! The primary workforce was Irish and Chinese immigrants because the pay was very low Also because Chinese immigrants were forced out mining work by the Foreign Miner Tax Work was extremely difficult and very dangerous Dangerous due to use of new technology, weather, conflict with Native Americans, ect

The Golden Spike(Railroads!) On May 10th, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, the “Golden Spike’ was driven into the ground uniting both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads 1st railroad line connecting the East to the West Travel time now about 4-5 days from NY to California Considered the greatest architectural and engineering achievements of the time

The Railroad’s Impact Transportation of people and goods was quicker and cheaper New era of interstate trade and commerce 1865 – it cost $3.45 to ship a barrel of flour from NY to Chicago 1890 it costs .68 cents New jobs were created as part of railroad industry Westward Expansion became much safer/Quicker/Cheaper Lead to greater tension with Native American and eventual removal

Technological Improvements (Railroads!) Railroad track was standardized – width of steel rail, and width from rail to rail National signals are established George Westinghouse developed air brakes 1883, A National time and Time Zones are established For scheduling, everyone was on the same time

The Cattle Kingdom Before the arrival of the settlers the Spanish and Mexicans set up cattle ranches in the Southwest Strays from these ranches grew into large herds of wild cattle. These cattle were known as longhorns Demand for beef/meat in cities was skyrocketing

The Texas longhorns were perfect for the market.

The Cattle Kingdom There were thousands of acres open range in the west Vast grasslands of the public land Railroads introduced range-cattle industry The expansion of railroads made it so cattle could easily make it to markets

The Cattle Kingdom On “Long drives” cowboys would drive cattle from the range to railroad centers Once at these railroad centers cattle would be sent to the east for distribution Abilene, KS; Dodge City, Wichita, KS; Laramie, WY were all Cow town

The Cattle Kingdom Many of the cow hands were Mexicans, called Vaqueros who had worked with cattle dating back to the time of the Spanish colonies Thousands of Civil War Veterans, former slaves, Native Americans, and men who had built the Railroads worked as cowboys

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The Cattle Kingdom 4,000,000 head of longhorn cattle were driven north from 1866 to 1888 Populations of Kansas and Nebraska doubled several times in the last half of the nineteenth century, greatly due to an influx of capital from the cattle drives.

The Cattle Kingdom More settlers meant less open range, making long drives nearly impossible There was a great amount of conflict and tension between farmers and sheepherders Called Range Wars

The Cattle Kingdom Invention of the refrigerated railcars and more railways dramatically reduced the need for long range drives 2 severe winters 1885 – 1886 & 1886 – 1887 devastated the cattle industry Eventually large landowners and companies would take to raising & breed cattle on land effectively killing the long range drive market

Westward Migration Bellwork What was the Homestead Act? Gave 160 acres to anyone willing to work it for 5 years What are two reasons that exodusters moved west? Economic Opportunity and fleeing Jim Crow Oppression Who was the primary workforce that built the transcontinental railroad? Irish and Chinese Immigrants