Scientific Revolution

1. When? 16th and 17th centuries 2. Where? Europe 3. What? Beginning of modern science. 1 - Question all accepted knowledge, 2 - Believe it when it can be tested and proven. 3 - Conduct experiments to prove it.

4. Why? (5 Reasons) A. Greek Rationalism – Greeks ignored superstition and tried to give scientific explanations to events – but didn’t test.   B. Muslim Science – modern math began with their numbers; they had preserved the Greek books on science C. Religion – Some scholars had said faith and science don’t conflict; Protestant Reformation led people to question tradition anyway D. Renaissance humanism – led people to explore new ideas in every field. E. Age of Exploration – Christopher Columbus has a theory. He tested it, and discovered 1) that he was wrong, and 2) there were 2 continents Europeans didn’t know about. – led scientists to question everything.

5. Who? A. Copernicus (1473-1543) – sun-centered universe   B. Vesalius – 1543 – illustrated human skeleton based on dissecting C. Kepler (1571-1630) – used math calculations to explain Copernican theory, but only in an elliptical orbit D. Francis Bacon – 1620 – Experiments in a lab should be the basis of all knowledge E. William Harvey – 1628 – circulation of blood by dissecting F. Galileo (1564-1642) – 1632 – found evidence to support Copernican theory through use of his telescope G. Descartes – 1641 – Scientists must be mathematicians, using logic & reason only. H. Robert Boyle – 1662 – Air is made up of several gases. I. Isaac Newton – 1687 – Law of Universal Gravitation proves laws to motion of heavenly bodies. (proved Kepler’s math)

By running experiments following the Scientific Method: 6. How? By running experiments following the Scientific Method: State theory.   Run an experiment. Observe the experiment. Record the results. Make general statements. Draw conclusions.

Invention Who invented it? What does it do? Why was it significant? Telescope Dutch 1608 Galileo built on 1609 (30x mag) Magnifies things at a distance. Improves human observation in astronomy. Galileo observed moons revolving around Jupiter. Everything doesn’t revolve around earth. Microscope Robert Hooke, 1667 Magnifies small objects Improves observation in biology and medicine Discovered plant cells Thermometer Fahrenheit Celsius Measures temperature Boiling point & freezing points documented Barometer Torricelli, 1645 Measures atmospheric pressure Allows you to forecast the weather When the barometer falls dramatically, you’re in for bad weather.

The Enlightenment SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans.

The Enlightenment (1500s-1600s) A philosophical movement beginning in France that advocated Reason and Logic as the basis of authority and all decisions and using reason and logic to solve social problems. Many of the United States‘ Founding Fathers were heavily influenced by Enlightenment-era ideas:(1600s-1800s) particularly in the religious sphere (separation of church and state) And in the political sphere (a major influence on the U.S. Bill of Rights

The Enlightenment (1500s-1600s) Heavily influenced by the Scientific Revolution. Challenged prevailing religious beliefs and the Catholic Church’s authority on all things relating to the natural world.

John Locke 1632-1704 British Philosopher Natural Rights citizens have right to rebel. Tabula Rasa stated all people are born with rights and blank slate to be filled up: not naturally good or bad.

John Locke: Politics and Society If government doesn’t preserve these for citizens, then citizens have right to resist or rebel. Society: People molded by experiences & environment. Change environment and influences to create new society.

Voltaire 1694-1778 French philosopher Believed in Civil Liberties and religious toleration. Deism- an 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and law.

Voltaire: Politics and Society Religious freedom in government, right to fair trial. Society: A world that runs without heavenly assistance.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1772 Genevan Philosopher Social Contract: an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.

Rousseau: Politics and Society Governed by general will & consent of the people (majority rule) Society: Compel obedience of dissenters

Baron Montesquieu 1689-1755 French Philosopher Created separation of powers and believer of checks & balances.

Montesquieu: Politics Politics: Separation of Powers 3 braches of government- Executive, Legislative, Judicial. Believed checks and balances are necessary to keep one branch from becoming too powerful.

Mary Wollstonecraft 1759- 1797 British philosopher, author, and feminist Equal rights for women

Wollstonecraft: Politics and Society Politics & Society Beginning of women’s civil and political rights movements. Argued women are not naturally inferior to men; they just suffer from lack of educational opportunities. Argued that social order should be determined by reason (usefulness) not by gender, race, wealth, etc.

Legacy of the Enlightenment Sparked new ideas and beliefs across Europe and into the Americas. Encouraged individuals to think for themselves. Paved the way for Revolutions.