Warm-up: write everything you know about the atom I’ll pass back the final Friday

The Atom: What is it Building block of all matter. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) Atom: Smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties. So Small: a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide. a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion (1X1012) atoms. This cup of water weighs 83g . 2.8X1024 atoms. 1 trillion atoms 

The Atom: Structure Made up Protons(+), Neutrons, and Electrons(-). Protons and neutrons are 1840 time larger than the electron. Protons(+): Positive charged particles in the nucleus = atomic # In the nucleus, equal to the # of electrons, contributes to atomic mass. Neutrons have no charge, in the nucleus, contributes to atomic mass. Electrons(-) Outside the nucleus, orbit the nucleus in levels, move so fast they create an electron cloud, mass is insignificant compared to protons and neutrons, involved in forming chemical bonds, equal to the number of protons. Carbon Atom Atomic # 6

Elements and the periodic table Element is the pure substance of one type of atom. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configurations(levels) and recurring chemical properties. As you go left to right and down the table you increase atomic number and mass.

Chemical Bonding. Atoms combine to form chemical bonds. 2 main type of bonds are ionic and covalent. Ionic is where atoms transfer electrons to create positive and negative atoms(ions) to form bonds. NaCl which is sodium chloride is an example. Covalent bonds are where elements share electrons. most atom combinations are molecules.

Compounds and Molecules Compound is when 2 or more elements combine to form chemical bonds. Molecule is when 2 or more atoms combine to form covalent bonds. Do not have an electrical charge. Molecule is also known as a molecular compound All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. O2 gas is a molecule but not a compound, why? These newly chemical bonds have different chemical properties and a chemical formula: when H2 hydrogen gas and O2 oxygen gas combine they form H2O Water which has different properties than the 2 gasses

Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. Example: CH4(methane)

January 16: Warm-up on Macromolecules What are the primary building blocks of Nucleic acids? Nucleotides 2.Do unsaturated fats have double bonds? yes, because of the double bonds they kink so the can’t pack together tightly . That is why they tend to be a liquid. 3. What are the primary building blocks of Fats? Fatty acids 4. What are the primary building blocks of Proteins? Amino acids 5 What chemical process is used to break down macromolecules? hydrolysis; just add water 6. Why do unsaturated fats tend to be liquid rather than solid? They have double bonds so the fatty acids can’t stack together closely

Single-double-triple bonds =

Polar Molecules A covalent molecule that has a positive and negative end.

Macromolecules Composed of sub-units “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Macromolecules: Most are large organic molecules called POLYMERS. 4 Categories 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Macromolecules formed from Dehydration synthesis; removal of water Cells break down macromolecules by hydrolysis; just add water What about the monomer glucose?

Dehydration Synthesis

Carbohydrates: Most universal used energy source, Instant energy! Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Simple sugars; monosaccharide; one sugar unit; eg glucose (C6H12O6); monomer Simple sugars; disaccharide; 2 sugars unit, eg Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Complex sugars; polysaccharide; many sugar units, eg starch (bread, potatoes, cellulose- Fiber!) Disaccharides

Lipids Remember: “stores the most energy”, More energy per gram than any other biological molecule Hydrophobic not soluble in water, because they are not polar molecules, like water is What are polar molecules? 3 Categories: Triglycerides: Phospholipids Steroids

The most familiar Lipids are called the triglycerides. Trigycerides The most familiar Lipids are called the triglycerides. Fats, oils, and waxes Because the are hydrophobic, they need emulsifiers to help break down for digestion. Emulsifiers have a non-polar end that lines up the triglyceride and a polar end to line up with water Structure: glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached

Triglycerides continued Fatty Acids: carbon-hydrogen chain that ends with acidic group –COOH, most contain 16 or18 carbon atoms per molecule. Saturated fatty (bad): No double bonds. Form plaque in bloodstream Unsaturated fatty : Has double bonds. Trans fats(very bad) Hydrogens are Trans instead of Cis; difficult to break down and a accumulate in the bloodstream

Phospholipids Phospholipids are like fats except instead of 3rd fatty acid there is a phosphate group that contains phosphate and nitrogen . This phosphate group is polar. Forms a polar hydrophilic head, with the rest of the molecule being hydrophobic. Used in plasma membranes.

Steroids Steroids have a much different structure from the fats. 4 fused rings Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen. Cholesterol: Soft waxy substance Helps to produce cell membranes, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that help you digest fat. The liver makes enough for us, but we also get in when we et meat.

Lipids ! Glycerol------ Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes(phospholipids) Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. ! Glycerol------

Proteins Building block are Amino acids (20 different kinds of amino acids) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Cannot function unless they have a specific shape. When exposed to extreme heat/pH undergo irreversible change in shape called denaturation, where normal bonding is disturbed. Researchers found that a change in protein shape is responsible for Alzheimer’s

Proteins cont’d Some proteins only have one peptide bond. 3 levels of organization: Primary: a chain of amino acids Secondary: sequence linked by H bonds Tertiary: twists due to hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions Quaternary: 2 or more associated polypeptides

Proteins cont’d Six functions of proteins: Storage: albumin (egg white) Transport: hemoglobin Regulatory: hormones Movement: muscles Structural: membranes, hair, nails Enzymes: cellular reactions

Enzymes Speeds up the rate of reaction The reactants that participate in the reaction are called the enzyme’s substrate. Enzymes are often named after they’re substrate; lactose broken down the enzyme lactase Enzymes have a specific region where substrate’s are brought together called the active site. Fit together like a jigsaw puzzle They are a catalyst, so they are no used up. Lower the activation energy.

Check Answers with Key on table. Warm -Up Check Answers with Key on table. Quiz Monday on macromolecules study notes!

Nucleic Acids Goals: Describe the structure of DNA and RNA Explain the differences between DNA and RNA Summarize key points of macromolecules

Nucleic Acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. Store information for life.

Nucleic Acids cont’d DNA and RNA structure DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose Bases Adenine,Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine Structure Double Stranded with base pairing Single stranded Helix Yes No

Not all nucleotides are made into DNA or RNA polymers Some involved in metabolic functions in cells: One of the components of coenzymes, help prepare the active site of the enzyme for the substrate. ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cells

Video Macromolecules: Crash Course

HMMMM. Which Macromolecule? you needed a quick boost of energy? monosaccharide you haven’t eaten in days? protein you wanted to grow healthy hair? you had a race tomorrow afternoon? polysaccharide you were getting ready for hibernation? lipid you wanted to get bigger muscles? your next meal will be in a week?

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Video: Inside the Human Body