“People quarrel because they do not know how to argue.” The Toulmin Model “People quarrel because they do not know how to argue.” - G.K. Chesterton 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

1. Basic Model Evidence – an informative statement believed by the listener or reader and used to secure belief in another statement Warrant – Method by which the proof is derived; mental leap; the “so what” Claim – The explicit appeal 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

Types of Claims Question of Definition – Something is, was, or will BE Question of Fact – Something is, was, or will be SO Question of Value – The value of something Question of Policy – What proposal should be accepted 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

2. Additions to Basic Model Support for the warrant –what makes the audience believe the assumption of the warrant Reservations – what might be possible refutations Intervening proofs Special considerations Qualifier - the degree of force attached to the claim 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

3. Evidence Real or personal Original or hearsay Direct or circumstantial Pre-appointed or casual Written or unwritten Positive or negative Eager or reluctant 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

4. Warrants Substantive Cause-effect Sign Generalization Parallel Case Analogy Statistics 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

Warrants (cont’d) Authoritative Is the witness an expert? Did the witness have an opportunity to gather the facts? Is the witness reasonably unbiased? Motivational – based on audience values 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.

Toulmin Exercise All professors favor merit pay except those who are incompetent. Professor Meyer of UWGB said, “Merit pay is the only fair way to reward our faculty”. And Prof. Meyer is on a national committee that is investigating the uses of merit pay in education. Moreover, a recent nationwide study showed that 90% of the professors with exemplary publication records favor merit pay, while only 10% of the non-publishing faculty favor merit pay. Finally, think about how our society in general rewards those who are the best at what they do. Sports is just one example. 11/20/2018 Phillip G. Clampitt, Ph.D.