http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html ENERGY & LIFE 8-1 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm SOLAR Life on Earth is ___________ powered. All life is dependent on ____________________. THE SUN AUTOTROPHS _____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight. Ex: Green plants, a few bacteria http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif

__________________ get energy by consuming other organisms http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm __________________ get energy by consuming other organisms HETEROTROPHS Ex: Animals, fungi, most bacteria Producers (autotrophs) Photosynthesize. Consumers can’t! http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? ACTIVE TRANSPORT Exocytosis Endocytosis Images: http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html Animation from:

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Movement Synthesis of biomolecules Reproduction Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/ Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe Replication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.asp Transcription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif Translation:

ATP ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY ATP Image by: Riedell

CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY 3 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS Adenosine triphosphate ATP = __________________________

ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate 2 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

ATP releases energy stored in a high energy http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html ATP releases energy stored in a high energy chemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP ATP → ____ + ____ + ADP

Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP. STORE The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ FOODS GLUCOSE It’s like recharging the battery ! ADP + ___ + ________ → ___ ATP

Watch a video clip about ATP FORMATION (8A)

ATP is useful BUT . . . ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________. A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy. Cells only keep enough ATP around to last a few seconds and recharge it by burning___________. NOT LARGE LONG TERM 90 times glucose http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Example: GLUCOSE C6H12O6 Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

MONOSACCHARIDES Single sugar molecules C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg C5H10O5

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Remember from BIO 1 CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

CARBOHYDRATES are building blocks for other molecules ATP DNA & RNA POLYSACCHARIDES http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html ATP by Riedell http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm

Starch Glucose

Molecules made by joining MANY sugar molecules together are called ___________________ POLYSACCHARIDES EXAMPLES: Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

_________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. ANIMAL Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

store GLUCOSE for later. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY STARCH is the way _______ cells store GLUCOSE for later. PLANT Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg

REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling. Jan van Helmont Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________ __________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________. seedling had gained soil unchanged He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added! WATER http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ water carbon Carbohydrates http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1771- An English minister, _________________________, discovered that a flame burning in a closed jar would die out. If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be lit again. Joseph Priestley http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.html http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html live plant The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up OXYGEN We now know it was …____________

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1779- Dutch scientist ________________________ showed Priestley’s plant experiment only worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ ! Jan Ingenhousz light http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin 1961- American chemist ________________________ received the Nobel prize for figuring out the chemical _______________ used by plants to make sugar Melvin Calvin pathway http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html

THE BIG PICTURE → These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. Carbon dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and are needed for photosynthesis to happen. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm chlorophyll light energy

Photosynthesis consumed ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY 6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2

Use your book to define each (pg. 208)

http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html

colors Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ wavelengths colors http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg

Myth: Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT . . . . Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

BUT… We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes . That is the ___________ we “see” REFLECTED COLOR Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html

absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg

except red reflected The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the colors __________________________ Red wavelengths are _________________ to your eyes and the shirt looks RED except red reflected GO CATS! http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9

absorbs ALL ENERGY Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. absorbs ALL ENERGY http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif

The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING? Purple & yellow yellow Images by: VanderWal

Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect? green So green leaves ____________ the green wavelength of light. REFLECT Image by: VanderWal

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. pigments By: VanderWal

(These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOIDS http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg

GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter. FALL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm

carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll Then we can see the carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll HIDDEN http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a absorbs the _____ & ________ wavelengths best. It absorbs very little ______ light. violet red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Blue-violet red

NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a GREEN red

That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light! REFLECTS

That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids) That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______; so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy. ABSORB DOESN’T USE MORE http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1

SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE BEST ________ and _______________ Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue-violet

Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light. ENERGY ABSORBS

ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

Remember from the unit on the cell… Enzymes for PHOTOSYNTHESIS are in the ________________ CHLOROPLASTS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS THYLAKOIDS = sac-like photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids membranes inside chloroplast GRANUM (pl. grana) Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding thylakoid sac Gel-filled space Inside the thylakoid sac cytoplasm Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize ________________________________ into clusters called _____________________ Light absorbing PIGMENTS PHOTOSYSTEMS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS Molecule that carries = _______ Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS = ___________ ATP NADP+ Images by Riedell

HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too ____________ is one of the carriers that cells use to transport high energy electrons. NADP+ ________ + _____ + _____ → ____________ 2 e- H+ _______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction oxygen Light & Water ATP NADPH (CH2O)n Carbon Dioxide Light-Independent Reactions Calvin Cycle

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water ATP NADPH Light-Independent Reactions

See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 1) 8C

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE ATP SYNTHASE ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM I OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

↓ ↓ WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I? It was discovered and named 1st PHOTOSYSTEM II ↓ ↓ PHOTOSYSTEM I Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 2) 8D

REMEMBER CELL BIO http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm Molecules move automatically from “where there’s A LOT” to “where there’s NOT” Animatioin from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another = ________________________ CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO …as long as membrane will let molecule through

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Requires ______________ Molecules are part of ________________ Made up of __________________ connected by ______________________ & ___________________ Uses light energy to change ADP + P → _______ NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________ Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________ LIGHT THYLAKOID membranes PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE ATP NADPH H20 oxygen

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen ATP NADPH (CH2O)n Carbon Dioxide Light-Independent Reactions CALVIN CYCLE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

Click the image to play the video segment. Calvin Cycle (8E) Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5

Calvin Cycle CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced See Calvin cycle animation Sugars and other compounds

CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________ (also called _________________________) ____________ require ____________ Happens in _________ between thylakoids NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO2 donates ______________ to make __________ LIGHT INDEPENDENT DOES NOT LIGHT STROMA Hydrogen + electrons ENERGY Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis AMOUNT OF WATER ____________________ Water is one of the raw materials needed, so A shortage of water can ________________ photosynthesis slow or stop Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss. http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis TEMPERATURE Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop Conifers in winter may carry out photosynthesis only occasionally http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________. Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC or TOO HOT cause proteins to unwind or _________ pH temperature DENATURE http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function. Image from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis LIGHT INTENSITY ____________________ More light increases rate of photosynthesis up to a certain level until plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis See effect of light experiment http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

THE BIG PICTURE sugars PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides the _____________ we breathe and the __________ heterotrophs (like us) consume to survive OXYGEN sugars Carbon dioxide Sugars WATER Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

Concept Map Photosynthesis Section 8-3 includes takes place in uses take place in to produce of to produce

Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from sunlight to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars