FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_-Ltnvaf4I

Cranium/ Skull Mandible Clavicle Sternum Scapula Ribs Humerus Word Bank: Carpals Cervical Vertebrae Clavicle Cranium/Skull Femur Fibula Humerus Ilium Ischium Lumbar Vertebrae Mandible Metacarpals Metatarsals Patella Phalanges (2x) Radius Ribs Sacrum Scapula Sternum Tarsals Tibia Ulna Vertebrae Ulna Ilium Radius Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Ishium Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Four Classifications of Bones Long femur & humerus Short carpals & tarsals Flat ribs, cranium, & scapula Irregular vertebrae

Long Bones Epiphysis are the ends of the long bones which contain red marrow. Diaphysis is the long middle area between the ends which contains yellow marrow

2 Types of bone Compact Bone Spongy Bone Hardend material In long bones it makes up the diaphysis and covers the epiphysis Spongy Bone Bone with many open spaces Found in the epiphysis of long bones

Bones begin as a flexible tissue called cartilage. Throughout childhood most of the cartilage is replaced with solid bone

Bone Growth Growth of long bones occur in the epiphsis at what is called the epipheseal plate….aka. “growth plate” The epipheseal plate becomes thinner as we age and stop growing.

Infant Skull Has areas called fontenals (“soft spot”) which have not become solid bone yet

Infant Skull Will solidify to become the lines on the skull that we call sutures.

Influences on Skeletal Remains Skeleton will show evidence of a person’s Job/activity level Diet Illness/chronic disease Trauma

Anthropological Examination Excavated remains will be: Cleaned in forensic lab Arranged in correct anatomical order May be possible for forensic anthropologist to determine Sex Race Age Stature (height)

Child vs Adult Skeleton Before puberty biological identification of remains can be difficult because Bones are mostly cartilage Growth plates not fused Sexual differences not as pronounced Best determinant – skull

Gender Identification Male vs. Female

MALE or FEMALE ??? Pelvis Skull Two parts of the skeleton will be used to determine the gender of the individual Pelvis Skull

Subpubic Angle - Area right below the cartilage piece called the pubic symphysis Females: Greater than 90° angle “U” shaped Males: Less than 90° angle “V” shaped

Pelvic aperture - opening down into the pelvis that forms at the base of ilum bones Female: Wide/round Male: Narrow/heart-shaped FEMALE MALE

Greater sciatic notch – The notch in the back of the hipbone. The notch tends to be narrow in males (˂68o) and wider in females (˃68o). Female Male

Orbaturator foramen – The hole made by the joining of the ischium and pubis bones Tends to be more oval in shape in males and more triangular in females. FEMALE MALE

Sacrum Female: Short/Wide Straight Male: Long/Narrow Tilts Inward

Sex determination - Pelvis Trait Male Female Subpubic angle < 90 o “V” shaped ˃90 o “U” shaped Pelvic aperture Narrow/ heart-shaped Wide/round Greater sciatic notch ˂68 o > 68 o Orbaturator foramen Oval Triangular Sacrum Long/Narrow Tilts inward Short/Wide Straight

Chin Forehead Male: Square Female: Rounded Male: Sloping Female: Vertical

Supraorbital Ridges Zygomatic Arch (Eyebrow Ridges) Males: Females: Larger/more prominent Females: Less prominent Zygomatic Arch (Cheek Bones) Males: Extends past ear area Females: Does not extend past ear area

Orbits: (Eye Sockets) Male: more square Female: more rounded MALE

Mastoid Process Male: More pointed Female: Less Pointed

Sex determination - Skull Trait Male Female Forehead Sloping Vertical Chin Square Rounded Supraorbital ridges (eyebrow ridges) Larger/more prominent Not as prominent Zygomatic arches (cheek bone) Extend past the ear area Do not extend past the ear area Orbits (eye socket) Thicker/more blunt Sharper/ rounder Mastoid Process More pointed Less pointed

Caucasoid, Mongoloid, or Negroid Race Determination Caucasoid, Mongoloid, or Negroid

Naison – bridge of nose

Measuring nasal width from inside nasal cavity

Nasal Height-naison to nasal spine measured with caliper.

Nasal Index Ratio: Width/ Height

Nasal spine Nasal Silling – the bottom of the nasal spine points outward forming a “spout” Nasal Guttering- lacking a sill at the bottom of the nasal opening

Prognathism: projection of the lower jaw

Shape of orbits Eye orbits or

Race determination Mongoloid Asian Native American Indian Caucasoid White Hispanic Negroid African

Caucasian Orbital openings: round Nasal spine: Prominent Progathism: straight Orbital openings: round Caucasian Trait Nasal Index: <.48 Nasal Spine: Prominent spine Nasal Silling / Guttering: Sharp ridge (silling) Prognathism: Straight Shape of Orbital Openings: Rounded, somewhat square

Negroid Trait Nasal Index >.53 Nasal Spine Very small spine Nasal Silling/ Guttering No ridge (guttering) Prognathism Prognathic Shape of Orbital Openings Rectangular or square

Mongoloid Trait Nasal Index .48-.53 Nasal Spine Somewhat prominent spine Nasal Silling/ Guttering Rounded ridge Prognathism Variable Shape of Orbital Openings Rounded, somewhat circular

Humerus, Radius, Femur

Age determination - Dentition Characteristics of Dentition Less affected by environmental factors Hardest structure in human body Tooth buds develop 2nd month after conception Eruption follows pattern In Adult skeleton Resorption of bone Attrition Root resorption

Average Age of Eruption Deciduous eruption Deciduous teeth Average Age of Eruption Central incisors 6 – 8 months Lateral incisors 8 – 10 months First molars 12 – 16 months Canines 16 – 20 months Second molars 20 – 30 months

Permanent eruption Permanent teeth Average Age of Eruption First molars 6 – 7 years Central incisors 6 – 8 years Lateral incisors 7 – 9 years Canines 9 – 12 years 1st and 2nd premolars 10 – 12 years Second molars 11 – 13 years Third molars 17 – 21 years

Age – Long bone development

Age – Skull development 29 bones in the skull with sutures/fissures Initial fusion few weeks postnatal Continues through age 21 – 35 yrs Mathematical formulas for using sutures to determine age

Height determination – Long bones Rule of thumb – “Height roughly equals 5 times the length of the humerus.” Since it is only an estimate, always have height be a range Formulas 2.38 (femur length cm)+61.41 = Stature +/- 3.27

Evidence of Trauma Manner of death Accident Suicide Homicide Natural causes Undetermined causes Cause of death – medical reason for death Asphyxia Drowning Stabbing Gun shot wound Etc

Determine when Trauma took place Antemortem – before death Perimortem – around the time of death Postmortem – after death occurred

Antemortem trauma Bone healing or bone remodeling – depends upon Age/health of individual Nature/extent of injury Location of injury Bone healing has a distinctive look Bony callus Smooth edges Usually no clues as to death

Perimortem trauma Lesions have no sign of healing

Postmortem trauma Intentional dismemberment Tool marks left on bone Unintentional dismemberment Animal tooth marks left on bone

Burned bone Short duration fires Cremation Skeleton usually survives Cremation Very small fragments and ash Calcined bones Differences in prolonged fires with green bones and dry bones

Differences Green bone – fleshed bones Dry bone Deep transverse fracture lines Warping Blackened tissue Dry bone Longitudinal fracture line Superficial cracking Little warping

Reconstructing Identity Forensic Odontology Facial Reconstruction Nuclear or Genomic DNA Mitochondrial DNA

Forensic Odontology Antemortem and Postmortem dental charting and radiographs Missing,unerupted, or extracted teeth; supernumerary teeth Restorations and prostheses Decay

Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice! Cranium Mandible Cervical Vertebrae Directions: Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice! Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Ribs Ulna Lumbar Vertebrae Ilium Radius Carpals Ishium Metacarpals Carpals Metatarsals Cervical Vertebrae Patella Phalanges (2x) Clavicle Radius Cranium/Skull Ribs Femur Sacrum Fibula Scapula Humerus Sternum Ilium Tarsals Ischium Tibia Lumbar Vertebrae Ulna Mandible Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Sacrum Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges