The Early Modernism in Europe Stylistic qualities Flat roofs Smooth and usually white walls Large areas of glass Asymmetrical planning No historical or ornamental detail Functionalism Abstract, cubistic and mechanistic qualities of the machine age History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Early modernism in Europe ENGLAND Marcel Breuer – Plywood long chair – Isokon chair History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism in Europe and America Eclectic historicism Based on the concepts of L’Ecole des Beaux Arts Louis Sullivan and F.L. Wright’s work were ignored Irving Gill, Dodge House, Los Angeles – 1916 Simple modern design Frank Lloyd Wright – Hollyhock House, Los Angeles – 1921 History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II - Introduction global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945 involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million military personnel mobilized. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it is the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II - Introduction In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it is the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II - Holocaust was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, throughout Nazi-occupied territory. Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds perished. More than one million Jewish children were killed in the Holocaust, as were approximately two million Jewish women and three million Jewish men. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II – Initial start and the countries involved on September 1st 1939, Germany invaded Poland without warning sparking the start of World War Two. By the evening of September 3rd, Britain and France were at war with Germany and within a week, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa had also joined the war. Six long and bloody years of total war, fought over many thousand of square kilometres followed. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II – Extent From the Hedgerows of Normandy to the streets of Stalingrad, the icy mountains of Norway to the sweltering deserts of Libya, the insect infested jungles of Burma to the coral reefed islands of the pacific. On land, sea and in the air, Poles fought Germans, Italians fought Americans and Japanese fought Australians in a conflict which was finally settled with the use of nuclear weapons. World War 2 involved every major world power in a war for global domination and at its end, more than 60 million people had lost their lives and most of Europe and large parts of Asia lay in ruins. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

World War II – Belligerents Allies  Soviet Union (1941–45)[nb 1]  United States (1941–45)  British Empire  China (at war 1937–45)  France[nb 2]  Poland  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  South Africa  Yugoslavia (1941–45)  Greece (1940–45)  Norway (1940–45)  Netherlands (1940–45)  Belgium (1940–45)  Czechoslovakia  Philippines (1941–45)  Brazil (1942–45) ...and others Axis  Germany  Japan (at war 1937–45)  Italy (1940–43)  Hungary (1941–45)  Romania (1941–44)  Bulgaria (1941–44)  Thailand (1942–45) Co-belligerents  Finland (1941–44)  Iraq (1941) Puppet states  Manchukuo  Croatia (1941–45)  Slovakia ...and others World War II – Belligerents Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II – The end and after effects The war ended with the total victory of the Allies over Germany and Japan in 1945. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. The United Nations (UN) organisation was established to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

Early Modernism – Europe and America World War II – The end and after effects The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers started to decline, while the de-colonisation of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to stabilise postwar relations. Theories of Architecture and Interior Design Sofia Sebastian