The First Industrial Society Britain Transformed Huge increase in the amount of production as industrialization occurred. Also large increases in consumption as well Rapid development of railroads and railroad systems to deliver goods and people faster and more efficiently Output increases were concentrated in mining, manufacturing, and services Agriculture became less important economically: on 1/12th of British national income was generated by agriculture in 1900) compared with over 70% in 1750

The First Industrial Society Vast change in ways of life for all peoples in British society. Different groups were affected in different ways; individuals within groups were also affected in different ways. While landowning aristocrats suffered little loss during the rise of industrialization, rural aristocrats became more marginal as power and wealth passed to a new urban group Businessmen, bankers, and manufacturers became more wealthy and over time gained real political power. By 1900 business men led the major political parties, and one was working class led

The First Industrial Society Titled nobility (less than 1%)retained great social prestige and some personal wealth. As their political position declined at home, many of these persons went out into the empire as government officials While Britain had had a middle class in 1750, the growth of the middle class is one of the most noticeable phenomena of the industrial revolution. Middle classes has the most obvious gains in position, wealth, and consumption Upper middle class: some became very wealthy and tried to move into aristocratic circles (1-2%)

The First Industrial Society Middle Class: large numbers of smaller businessmen and professionals (5-8% of population in 1900) Politically liberal ( classically liberal) Middle class becomes associated with values such as thrift, hard work, rigid morals, and cleanliness Individuals were held responsible for their own destiny; this was a kind of middle class ethic. Middle class women were often homemakers, wives, and mothers. They did not usually seek employment outside the home unlike working class women. (Upper class women had outside interests such as sport and hobbies, and usually did not take care of their own children.)

The First Industrial Society Lower Middle Class: service workers (clerks, secretaries,etc) although most were male at this time, women began to move into these jobs in Britain by 1890. Lower middle class around 20% of British population in 1900

The Working or Laboring Classes in Britain to 1900 About 70% of British population fell into working class during 19th century Laboring classes suffered most from industrialization in comparison to other classes. And, comparing to other classes gained the least. However, it should be stated that all classes were better off economically in terms of what they ate and could buy than before the industrial revolution. Rapid urbanization of Britain: by 1850 half the population lived in cities. London was the world’s largest city with 6 million people by 1900

Urbanization and its problems The tempo of urbanization caused many problems. Housing was in short supply and poorly and quickly built. This led to overcrowding and inadequate sanitation facilities and water supplies. Epidemics were constant from overcrowding and conditions plus lack of understanding of the spread of disease Urban planning did not exist. No parks or public services were to be found at this time in most cities Slums began to develop from these conditions.

The Factory Life Although work as farmers and farm laborers had been hard and poorly paid, it allowed workers to breathe fresh air and see the sun. Factory life was much different: the work environment was dark with little light. Since most early industry was textiles, cotton dust would fill the air and lungs of workers. Those who became ill would be fired and replaced Hours were long: a typical work week would be 72 hours for men, 60 for women, and 54 for children. Most urban working class children over 5 were employed in factories with no education to speak of not much different from agriculture

What was new was the monotony and routine of factory work What was new was the monotony and routine of factory work. Workers were directly supervised and often disciplined for poor work or for many other issues some of which had nothing to do with work. Industrial work was insecure: workers could be fired at will without explanation As more women moved into industrial work, gender hierarchies appeared in many places with men in supervisory and skilled positions.

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Social change and unrest Many workers set up self-help societies to ameliorate life in the urban industrial society Others, often called Luddites, would attack and wreck and burn the machinery and mills Some workers joined political movements to increase their political rights Trade Unions were legalized in 1824 with a growing number of workers joining them. Fought for better working conditions and pay. Usually not liked by owners or middle and upper classes

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Socialism and British Labour Socialist ideas and socialist like ideas had a good incubator in the factories of industrial Britain. Some socialist were owners of mills who became appalled at the conditions in their own factories. Robert Owen, a Scots mill owner, established a model industrial town at New Lanark in Scotland as well as a utopian farming village in Indiana in the US Karl Marx created and laid out a fully formed ideology of socialism which he stated was inevitable and on its way. Marx socialism is the basis for most models of western socialism including Soviet Communism

Socialism and British Labour However, most British working class movements and Labour movements remained moderate in tone and in demands. This is very British, although radicals always existed and influenced things to some extent. By 1875 material conditions for working class in Britain were visibly improving. The development of the middle and lower middle classes allowed the working class and upper classes to stabilize their relationship. Many working class Britons aspired to join the middle class as their standard of living improved

Socialism and the Worker Although socialism soon had an international following in Europe and America, nationalism would prove to be a more potent factor than worker solidarity. As nations coalesced in the late 19th century, state rituals, ceremonies, and holidays became important statements of solidarity not with fellow workers, but with fellow countrymen. British inequalities remained even after improvements in the lives of the workers. By 1900 Britain had declined in economic and industrial power relative to newly industrialized nations like Germany and the US

Emigration: Europe and the Tidal wave of Movement Industrialization in Europe, the opening of millions of square miles of virgin land in Australia, Argentina, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, and the United States, as well as massive and persistent urbanization drove millions of Europeans to uproot themselves and move both within countries and around the world. At least 50% of the rural population of Europe moved into the cities between 1800 and 1900 20% of the total population of Europe emigrated overseas between 1815 and 1939

Emigration in the 19th Century Greatest impact in the Americas: In Latin America the social, cultural, and racial mixture radically changed as a result of immigration from Europe. Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay in particular were shaped by this process In North America, Canada also was benefited by emigrants from the British Isles and Russia, while the US received the greatest number of emigrants who came from almost everywhere in Europe, creating a much more diverse America, and also creating the “Melting Pot” analogy of which Americans are so fond(ue). HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!! Emigration into Russia of 10 million Europeans also occurred during this time

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