Monarchy in England Main Idea Reading Focus In contrast to the absolute monarchies of Spain and France, the English monarchy was limited by Parliament; following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful. Reading Focus How did the Tudors work with Parliament? What led the first two Stuart kings to clash with Parliament? What were the causes and results of the English Civil War? What happened when monarchy returned to England?

The Tudors and Parliament Two prominent members of Tudor dynasty, Henry VIII and daughter Elizabeth I, ruled when absolutism common on European continent In England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchy Both father, daughter had to learn to work with Parliament to fulfill goals Henry and Elizabeth Henry VIII created Protestant Church in England so he could divorce first wife Had Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in England In 1534 Act of Supremacy named king as head of Church of England Henry and Parliament

Edward, Mary, Elizabeth Tension Short reign of son Edward “Bloody” Mary I became queen and made England Catholic again Elizabeth crowned queen and returned England to Anglican Church Tension Tension developed between Parliament, queen Parliament pressured her to marry so she would have heir to throne Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit her freedom Still managed to talk Parliament into approving funds she needed

Elizabeth in Charge Major reason for Elizabeth’s good relationship with Parliament, her willingness to let members speak minds without fear of punishment Close ties shown in fact that she called Parliament into session 10 times in 45-year reign Elizabeth clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping subjects from questioning her actions Earl of Essex rebelled against authority Asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or authority infinite?” Essex tried, executed as a traitor Not the last to question Elizabeth’s authority

What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do? Recall What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do? Answer(s): to pass laws to help the monarch achieve desired results

The Stuarts and Parliament The Tudors’ success with Parliament not repeated Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabeth James I, first of Stuart dynasty to rule in England View of absolute monarchy caused conflict with Parliament Previous wars, own spending left him low on funds James I From Scotland, considered outsider James rarely got all money he wanted from Parliament Puritans wanted reform of Church of England Clashes with Parliament Seen as threat to James’s power; church leadership supported him Refused to pass Puritans’ requests for reform Did agree to publication of King James Bible Puritan Reform

Charles I Defies Parliament When James I died in 1625, his younger son was crowned king as Charles I. Popular at first, but married Catholic princess Parliament refused until Charles signed Petition of Right Petition of Right a direct challenge to absolute monarchy Issues of Money Placed limits on king’s power Could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval Parliament later refused to give Charles money again He taxed English people on own, forced bankers to lend him money Parliament was furious Charles dismissed Parliament 1629, decided to rule without consulting Parliament again Petition of Right

Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament? Find the Main Idea Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament? Answer(s): Both wanted to rule as absolute monarchs.

War with Parliament Strategy Charles Tries Power Grab Civil War Begins Charles’ moment came when radical Puritan group in Parliament moved to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church King, whose power connected to power of church, was outraged Charles Tries Power Grab Charles decided to arrest Puritan leaders for treason Led troops into House of Commons, but men had already escaped Charles had tipped hand on intentions to take back power Civil War Begins Some members of Parliament decided to rise up against king 1642, English Civil War began

Royalists and Roundheads Without Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles Parliament could back its army by voting for funding Parliament member Oliver Cromwell led Roundhead forces 1644, led victory in which 4,000 of king’s soldiers died Roundhead Forces Royalist army outmatched by Cromwell’s troops 1646, king surrendered Cromwell dismissed members of Parliament who disagreed with him Those left made up what was called the Rump Parliament King Surrenders

Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial Trial and Execution Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial In the end, Charles sentenced to death for treason January 30, 1649, publicly beheaded in front of own palace

England under Cromwell Commonwealth Government based on common good of all people England’s government changed completely for the next 11 years Lord Protector 1653, Cromwell given title Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience Clamped down on social life The Restoration Cromwell died and Parliament reconvened, voted to bring back monarchy Charles II crowned King of England Supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen the Church of England

Positive and Negative Charles reopened theaters, flowering of English drama resulted Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone accused of a crime had right to appear in court to determine if should be held, released 1665, bubonic plague returned; following year Great Fire of London After fire, Charles supported public construction projects

James II Not Popular Political Parties Later in Charles’s reign the question of who would succeed him remained. His brother James was next in line, but he was a Catholic. Prince James married to Catholic princess, whose Catholic son would outrank James’ Protestant daughters from first marriage 1685, Charles died, James crowned king Many wondered if another destructive war would follow James not popular; believed in right to rule as absolute monarch English did not tolerate that belief Not Popular Supporters of James II to become king were called Tories. Believed in a hereditary monarchy. Non supporters of James were called Whigs. Supporters of the Exclusion Bill – to keep James from becoming king after Charles II Political Parties

Glorious Revolution 1688, group of nobles invited James’s daughter Mary, husband William to become king, queen William and Mary both Protestants, lived in Netherlands James fled to France Parliament gave throne to William III, Mary II as joint rulers; transfer became known as the Glorious Revolution

Constitutional Monarchy Changes in Government With Glorious Revolution, Parliament had essentially crowned new king, queen William and Mary had to sign the English Bill of Rights before taking the throne Document prevented monarch from levying taxes without consent of Parliament, among other provisions U.S. Bill of Rights based on this document Bill of Rights Bill of Rights central to England’s growth as a Constitutional Monarchy which means monarchy limited by law Document’s approval came after decades of dramatic changes in English government England had rejected concept of absolute monarch who ruled by divine right, for monarchy ruled by law Constitutional Monarchy

What happened during the Glorious Revolution? Describe What happened during the Glorious Revolution? Answer(s): William and Mary were given the English throne by Parliament.