Interwar Social Change and The Great Depression

Objectives Analyze how Western society changed after World War I. Explain how some people reacted against new ideas and freedoms. Describe the literary and artistic trends that emerged in the 1920s. List several new developments in modern scientific thought.

speakeasies – illegal bars where alcohol was served during Prohibition Terms and Places flapper – young woman who rejected the moral values of the Victorian era in favor of new, exciting freedoms Prohibition – a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States speakeasies – illegal bars where alcohol was served during Prohibition 3

Terms and Places (continued) psychoanalysis – a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders abstract – a form of art composed of lines, colors, and shapes, sometimes with no recognizable subject dada – artistic movement that rejected all traditional conventions surrealism – an art movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind

disarmament – the reduction of armed forces and weapons Terms and People Maginot Line – massive fortifications built by France along its German border Kellogg-Briand Pact – an agreement to renounce war as an instrument of national policy disarmament – the reduction of armed forces and weapons overproduction – the situation that exists when production of goods exceeds demand finance – management of money matters Federal Reserve – the central banking system of the United States Great Depression – a time of global economic collapse 5

What changes did Western society and culture experience after World War I? Society and culture were shaken by the experience of the war. This reaction occurred in Europe, the United States, and many other parts of the world. In science, discoveries changed what people understood. These shifts were mirrored in music, literature, and the fine arts. The world had changed, and the culture that existed before World War I no longer seemed to fit this new world. 6

These advances helped create a mass culture. During the 1920s, new technologies changed the way people lived in the world. Affordable cars Improved telephones Motion pictures Radio Labor-saving devices such as washing machines and vacuum cleaners These included: These advances helped create a mass culture. 7

Jazz emerged in the United States in the 1920s. This new form of music combined Western harmonies with African rhythms. Nightclubs and the sounds of jazz became symbols of freedom. Jazz attracted young people who rejected Victorian values. The 1920s became known as the Jazz Age.

Women enjoyed new opportunities. As a result of their war work, women in many Western nations won the right to vote. More woman worked outside the home and more careers opened up for women. Labor-saving devices gave women more leisure time. Flappers, who embraced jazz and new freedoms, became a symbol of rebellion against old world Victorian values. French flappers model the new shorter skirts.

Some people reacted against new freedoms and ideas. Many Americans favored Prohibition. A constitutional amendment in 1919 banned alcohol. Under Prohibition, organized crime and speakeasies flourished. The amendment was repealed in 1933. 10

Postwar literature had a different focus than Victorian writings. Wartime experiences led some authors to portray the modern world as spiritually barren. Writers such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald were dubbed the “lost generation.” Writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf experimented with “stream of consciousness,” portraying the workings of the inner mind without imposing logic or order. 11

New artistic movements rejected realistic representation of the world. Abstract art focused on lines and colors rather than recognizable subjects. Dadaism sought to upset traditional conventions by using shocking images. Surrealism attempted to portray the inner workings of the mind. An abstract painting by Pablo Piccasso 12

Scientific discoveries changed the world and challenged some long-held ideas. Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Enrico Fermi increased understanding of the atom. Their work would later lead to the development of atomic energy and nuclear weapons. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, which is used to combat many diseases. Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud introduced new theories about the unconscious mind. His use of psychoanalysis changed perceptions of the mind. 13

What political and economic challenges did the leading democracies face in the 1920s and 1930s? In 1919, Britain, France, and the United States appeared powerful, but even some of the victors’ economies were ravaged after World War I. Radical ideologies gained ground as governments struggled to deal with the effects of the war. 14

Britain had delayed action on Irish independence during the war. When Parliament failed to independence to Ireland in 1919, members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) began a guerrilla war against British forces. By 1922, moderates in Ireland and Britain reached an agreement in which most of Ireland became the Irish Free State. Northern Ireland remained under British rule. This created a civil war that raged on through the 1990’s.

The United States emerged from World War I in good economic shape. It had suffered very little loss of life or property during the war. Americans’ fear of radicals and Bolsheviks set off a “Red Scare” in 1919. Congress limited or excluded immigration from Europe. Earlier laws had excluded or limited immigrants from China and Japan further straining relations with Japan.

The former Allies faced a difficult international situation in addition to their own internal issues. Britain France Tried to relax the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles Tried to keep Germany strong so that Russia and France would not become too powerful Sought alliances to keep Germany’s economy weak Built the Maginot Line to protect its northern borders and strengthened its military

The Maginot Line to defend France from another German attack cost millions of dollars

Nations signed a series of treaties intended to keep the peace. Almost every independent nation signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war. However, it included no way to enforce the ban. Countries pursued disarmament. The United States, Britain, France, and Japan signed treaties promising to reduce the size of their navies. The League of Nations worked to promote peace, but it proved weak and ineffective.

The United States emerged as the world’s leading economic power The United States emerged as the world’s leading economic power. American loans and investments backed the recovery of Europe. The issue was so much debt that the countries acquired needed to be paid back to keep stability in the United States. Attempts by the Federal Reserve to maintain stability in the stock market failed. As stocks fell banks were forced to close because money was not paid back in time. In 1929, overproduction of goods and a crisis in finance in the United States led to a world economic collapse. 20

By the end of the 1920s, an economic crisis had spread around the world. Governments tried to protect their economies, but nothing helped. The Great Depression spread around the world to Latin America, Africa, and Asia. As millions lost their jobs in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, people endured great hardship.

By 1931, one in four British workers was unemployed. Throughout the world, governments tried many methods to solve the crisis, but with little success. By 1931, one in four British workers was unemployed. Strikes brought down the government in France. Under U.S. President Herbert Hoover’s policies of nonintervention, the economy did not improve. 22

The Great Depression caused many people to lose faith in the ability of democratic governments to solve problems. Some European nations (Germany and Spain) turned to authoritarian leaders who promised to restore order and prosperity. Unemployed men in Britain take part in a “hunger march.”