ESPA Science symposium Beyond landings: how fisheries contribute to the lives of the poor? Tim Daw, Stockholm Resilience Centre, tim.daw@su.se Beatrice Crona, Tomas Chaigneau, William Cheung, Christopher Cheupe, Sarah Coulthard, Christina Hicks, Fraser Januchowski-Hartley, Vera Julien, Tim McClanahan, Johnstone Omukoto, Bjorn Schulte-Herbruggen, Matilda Thyresson, Colette Wabnitz, Xueying Yin www.espa-spaces.org ESPA Science symposium Nairobi, 17-18th November 2016

Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Wellbeing Fisheries Marine ecosystems & fish stocks

How have fisheries been understood Dominant disciplines perceive fisheries in terms of: Ecological impact (marine conservation) Landings (fisheries science) Profits (fisheries economics) Some less well examined areas: Access and who benefits (political ecology) How it contributes to people’s multidimensional wellbeing An ESPA lens on fisheries – understanding how fisheries convert aquatic natural capital into wellbeing…

Importance of fisheries for multidimensional wellbeing… Domains of wellbeing Importance of fisheries for multidimensional wellbeing… % of maximum importance score across 16 focus groups (all sites and gender) Goods & services

Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations The SPACES conceptual framework – how are ecosystems actually contributing?… How it makes people’s lives better State of Ecosystems What is produced by nature What people get from nature What it’s worth Who benefits Share Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Fish production Fish landings Values So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship. Wellbeing Ecol. Dynamics Human inputs Valorisation Access Needs, gaps & aspirations

Sites Peri urban to remote rural More or less developed fisheries Variation in types and extents of habitats

Broad patterns of stocks, catches, market connection, livelihoods and fish consumption Fishery characteristics Social characteristics Market

Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations State of Ecosystems What is produced by nature What people get from nature Share Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Fish production Fish landings Values So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship. Wellbeing Ecol. Dynamics Human inputs Valorisation Access Needs, gaps & aspirations

Ecological Modeling Participatory system mapping Kenyan Case study Daw et al 2015 PNAS, Omukoto et al In prep, ESPA P-mowtick project framework grant

Size of bubble indicates effort Ecopath modelling of Stocks, flows, human inputs and goods in the Mombasa fishery… Often assumed that more fish (in the sea) =more fish (in the catch). But theory and our model suggests almost the opposite (mediated by fishing pressure and an ecological shift towards weedy species and a behavioural shift by fishers to seagrassy areas.). Different responses are related to scenarios of effort changes by different gears…

Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations What people get from nature What it’s worth Share Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Fish production Fish landings Values So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship. Wellbeing Ecol. Dynamics Human inputs Valorisation Access Needs, gaps & aspirations

Valorisation Valorisation affecting income Prices of fish vary by linkages to major markets Resulting in highest earnings by fishers in most degraded sites (Pemba, Mombasa) Cultural context affecting the value of octopus fishing for respect “ The tentacles can kill so this person needs to be courageous”. “You must be really brave because only the men do it”. Q: Do you catch it with spears or what? A: Just my hands, I don’t use anything? Q: Is it not risky? A: No, it’s risky when the octopus is in the hole. But when they come out, it’s not a bad thing, as if it just sticks to you, you can take it off without a lot of suffering.

Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations How it makes people’s lives better State of Ecosystems What is produced by nature What people get from nature What it’s worth Who benefits Share Marine ecosystems & fish stocks So the spaces project we are trying to understand the connection between ecosystems and wellbeing, and what are the factors that affect this relationship. Fish production Fish landings Values Wellbeing Ecol. Dynamics Human inputs Valorisation Access Needs, gaps & aspirations

Access and share – Fish as food, role of site and occupation From Vivika Makela UG thesis (2016) Accounting for site differences, fishing households and fish-trading households more likely to have consumed fish

Mixed Reef Fish Value Chain: Independent fishers Employed fishers Auction Employ-ed fisher surplus Large-scale traders Fish shops in Mombasa small-scale male traders Small-scale female traders These are naturally somewhat diverse within their segment but have more commonalities within their group and as such were lumped for sake of analysis Fishers: Independent>> sell fish directly to customers at landing site, at auction Employed >> sell directly to predetermined traders Sm scale traders (female): aka Mama Karangas Buy directly from fishers or sm scale traders (not auctions, have male trader buy for them and then buy from them smaller amounts as prices and vol in auction too high to bid) fish fryers selling fried fish to consumer in nearby residential areas Some processing (scaling, gutting, washing, salting, frying) Individual Mama Karanga buy fish less than 20 kg/day Buy all small, or undersized fish, as well as big (cut into pieces) Sm scale traders (male): aka Wachuuzi buy fish from fishermen at the landing site, depending on site some buy from large scale fish traders, auctions, or surplus from employed fishers sell fish to fish shops, nearby residents (hawking), hotels and local restaurants In urban site common for to buy > 20kg/day and several, some of which is sold in fish shops, or on to MK, in rurak site generally < 20kg/day Often have access to simple transport (bike, motorbike) but some use taxis or public transport (like MK) Sell raw fish – often no gutting which reduces the weight (and profit) Large scale traders: aka Tajiris Buy fish from auctions but most own boats and gears and employ fishers or have pre-set arrangements (vertically integrated) BC they own the boat their buying prices is less Own transport (pick-ups) Sell to urban markets, or through their own fish shops locally or in urban centers (Mombasa) Mixed Reef Fish Value Chain: Vanga Consumers

Access and share – Income from fish trade in two kenyan sites Fishers Fishers Very interesting Just looking at total avg net income suggests tajiris take home the most, but when standardized net income/kg fish then tajiris do not earn much more/kg fish than the other trader types, and certainly less than many of the fishers (such as traps and spearguns). It is obviously linked to the costs (see next slide), but they still earn net more as they are fewer and trade larger volumes Would be interesting to see what spp the trader categories focus on (if there is a pattern) – but this needs coding of fish spp (so has to wait until June intern) Mama karangas in Kongowea have basically no net income in Kusi –because of respondents who report high values of fish bought…(i.e. several with negative net income) Kongowea Urban Vanga Rural Kaskasi (calm season) Fishers 81% 9% Traders 10% Fishers 71% Traders, large Traders, sm 18% 16

Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Needs, gaps & aspirations How it makes people’s lives better State of Ecosystems What is produced by nature What people get from nature What it’s worth Who benefits Share Marine ecosystems & fish stocks Fish production Fish landings Value Wellbeing Ecol. Dynamics Human inputs Valorisation Access Needs, gaps & aspirations

Poverty indicators (based on household assets) Kongowea Vanga % H M L Who of these value chain actors are poor? (in terms of household assets) Poverty indicators (based on household assets)   Kongowea Vanga % H M L Fishers 23 61 16 13 50 37 Traders Sm scale (F) 4 53 43 24 72 Sm scale (M) 44 56 36 64 Large scale (M) * 100 So are MR value chains in Ken pro-poor? Rural poorer than urban, particularly small-scale trader (male &female) (but also fishers) Women traders under-represented in high assets category Large traders all fall in the high assets category

How does fish actually affect these domains of wellbeing? Goods & services How does fish actually affect these domains of wellbeing?

Income is important but…. Central role of income… “we are proud that we do not go out to source for funds. Money comes here to us. When I am hungry, I just rush to the ocean , get 2kg of fish and come back. The fish traders are here for the fish. So you do not have to hustle to look for money, it just follows us here.” fishermen Kibuyubi near shimoni Income is important but….

Relationship between fishery income and poverty People who are ‘poor’ according to Assets Satisfaction Basic needs ….are more env dependent But the income poor are LESS environmentally dependent…. Schulte Herbruggen et al (in prep)

Conclusions The ecological relationship between stock and flow presents challenges and tradeoffs Fisheries provide different benefits for multidimensional wellbeing Income is important and tied with other benefits but not the only value The value of each benefit, who can access it and it meets people’s needs and aspirations affected by social and ecological context, and governance. Recovering stocks, increasing landings, value-addition, all individually worthwhile, can’t realise the best contribution of fisheries to the poor