The Nervous System Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb The Nervous System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

“Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System” Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord Slide 7.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy Internal gray matter - mostly cell bodies External white matter- mostly axons myelin Figure 7.19 Slide 7.53b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Nerves Slide 7.64 Figure 7.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Sensory (afferent) division Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system Figure 7.1 Slide 7.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Motor (efferent) division Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system Figure 7.1 Slide 7.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Motor (efferent) division Two subdivisions Somatic nervous system = voluntary Autonomic nervous system = involuntary Figure 7.1 Slide 7.3c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Motor Efferent Division Somatic nervous system VOLUNTARY (generally) Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system INVOLUNTARY (generally) Conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Autonomic Nervous System Can be divided into: Sympathetic Nervous System “Fight or Flight” Parasympathetic Nervous System “Rest and Digest” These 2 systems are antagonistic Typically, we balance these 2 to keep ourselves in a state of dynamic balance.

Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System Figure 7.25 Slide 7.73 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organization of the Nervous System Figure 7.2 Slide 7.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Figure 7.24 Slide 7.69 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Answer each question using internet sources, tables and graph. Cite Source: (.org, .gov, .edu) Answer WHY Partner’s Table Your Table 1 graph with both partner’s info: label the X and Y and every variable

Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex “Homunculus” Figure 7.14 Slide 7.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Part Video Explanation of Neuron Parts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFp7TLNKTXI

2 1 5 6 3 4

Neuron Anatomy Cell body control center Nucleus Large nucleolus Mitochondria Figure 7.4a Slide 7.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Anatomy Dendrites – receive information and take it toward the cell body Axons – send information away from the cell body to another neuron (only 1!) Figure 7.4a Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Anatomy Myelin/Schwann Cells: Provide protection Enable signal to be sent quickly to the next neuron Figure 7.4a Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Axons and Nerve Impulses Axonal Terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters (chemicals) separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons Synapse – junction between nerves

Support Cells Satellite Schwann Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Central Nervous System (CNS) Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Satellite Schwann

Glial Cells - Neuroanatomy Basics - Anatomy Tutorial Support Cell Video Essential Human Biology: Nervous Tissue - Support Cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxe22kTfI2Y Glial Cells - Neuroanatomy Basics - Anatomy Tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64MgiEDWyRg

Support Cells of the PNS Satellite cells Protect neuron cell bodies Repair cells Control the chemical balance Slide 7.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Support Cells of the PNS Schwann cells Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system for support and protection Provide insulation to insure signals get sent to the next neuron and sent quickly Slide 7.7b

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Of CNS (Neuroglia or Glia) Astrocytes (CNS) Star-shaped cells Help in repairing cells Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain (CNS) Figure 7.3a Slide 7.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Microglia (CNS) Spider-like macrophages Dispose of debris Important in immune support Ependymal cells (CNS) Line ventricles of the brain and spinal cord Circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia Help create cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.3b, c Slide 7.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Oligodendrocytes(CNS) Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system Provides insulation to ensure signals get sent Increases speed of signals Multiple Sclerosis Figure 7.3d Slide 7.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Groups present drug information http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/brainanatomy.swf optical illusions

Neuron Classification Figure 7.6 Slide 7.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7.15a Slide 7.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cerebrum Left and right hemispheres of the brain Contains all 4 lobes Slide 7.43a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thalamus Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation Slide 7.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hypothalamus Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism Slide 7.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Brain Stem Attaches to the spinal cord Parts of the brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Slide 7.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Midbrain Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers Reflex centers for vision and hearing Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd-4th ventricles Slide 7.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing Slide 7.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Medulla Oblongata The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Includes important fiber tracts Contains important control centers Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting Slide 7.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Protection of the Central Nervous System Cerebrospinal fluid Meninges Figure 7.16a Slide 7.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17b Slide 7.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy Exterior white mater – conduction tracts Figure 7.19 Slide 7.53a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Spinal Cord Anatomy Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.19 Slide 7.53c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings