and 9 February 2000 CHEP2000 ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section and 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Petteri Nieminen ESA/ESTEC ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section and Petteri Nieminen ESA/ESTEC XMM analysis: E. Daly1, H. Evans1, S. Giani2, F. Lei3, R. Nartallo1, J. Sørensen1, P.R. Truscott3 Space-specific C. Ferguson4, R. Gurriaran4, F. Lei3, modules: P.R. Truscott3 Low-E extensions: J. Apostolakis2, S. Chauvie5, S. Giani2, V. Ivantchenko6, V. Lefébure1,2, M. Maire7, M.G. Pia2,8, L. Urban2,9 1) ESA/ESTEC (NL) 4) Univ. Southampton (UK) 7) LAPP (F) 2) CERN (CH) 5) Univ. Torino (I) 8) INFN Genova (I) 3) DERA (UK) 6) Budker Inst. For Nuclear Physics (RUS) 9) KFKI (HUN) 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Galactic and extra-galactic Anomalous cosmic rays Galactic and extra-galactic cosmic rays Jovian electrons (Neutrinos) Solar X-rays Induced emission Trapped particles Solar flare neutrons and g-rays Solar flare electrons, protons, and heavy ions

Simulation “agenda”: Spacecraft and instrument shielding properties ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Simulation “agenda”: Spacecraft and instrument shielding properties Detector background effects in astrophysical observatories (including from radioactive decay) Single Event Effects and total dose in sensitive components 3-D spacecraft design and radiation response verification Mineralogical surveys of asteroids and moons by induced X-ray line emission Astronaut hazards: radiation effects at cellular and DNA level 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Delayed radioactivity ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Delayed radioactivity General purpose source particle module INTEGRAL and other science missions Low-energy e-m extensions Particle source and spectrum Geological surveys of asteroids Sector Shielding Analysis Tool CAD tool front-end Instrument design purposes Dose calculations 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

X-Ray Surveys of Asteroids and Moons ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section X-Ray Surveys of Asteroids and Moons Cosmic rays, jovian electrons Solar X-rays, e, p Geant3.21 ITS3.0, EGS4 Courtesy SOHO EIT Geant4 Induced X-ray line emission: indicator of target composition (~100 mm surface layer) C, N, O line emissions included 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Low-E e-m models (electrons and photons) ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Low-E e-m models (electrons and photons) 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Low-E e-m models (protons and ions) ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Low-E e-m models (protons and ions) Applications in the medical field, astrophysics, fundamental physics,... 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

X-ray Multi-Mirror mission (XMM) X-ray detectors (CCDs) Telescope tube Launch December 1999 Perigee 7000 km, apogee 114000 km  Flight through the radiation belts Chandra X-ray observatory, with similar orbit, experienced unexpected degradation of CCDs Possible effects on XMM? Mirrors Baffles 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

CCD displacement damage: front vs. back-illuminated. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section CCD displacement damage: front vs. back-illuminated. 30 mm Si  ~1.5 MeV p+ 2 mm 30 mm 30 mm 2 mm Active layer Passive layer “Electron deflector” Low-E (~100 keV to few MeV), low-angle (~0°-5°) proton scattering: Obscure problem; not much analysed 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

RGS EPIC Q2 Q1 Q1 9 February 2000 CHEP2000 ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section RGS EPIC Q2 Q1 Q1 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

1-D simulations vs. experimental data ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section 1-D simulations vs. experimental data Experimental data courtesy of Columbia University1 Grating “saw-tooth” surface not modelled  correction of ~0.7° Beam width ~5 mm, simulated beam 1-D 1 Rasmussen, A. et al., Proton Scattering off of XMM optics: XMM Mirror and RGS grating samples, XMM project document RGS-COL-CAL-99009, Nov. 4 1999 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Source (restricted isotropic) full-scale simulations W Source (restricted isotropic) 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

SSAT analysis of the XMM baffle ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section SSAT analysis of the XMM baffle  q  Direct line of sight from the baffle to the focal plane; increases the overall proton transmission efficiency   9 February 2000 CHEP2000

full-scale simulations ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section full-scale simulations Mirror efficiency Scattered Direct transmission 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

full-scale simulations ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section full-scale simulations EPIC and RGS efficiencies EPIC RGS EPIC RGS RGS EPIC 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) Aluminum Tantalum Silicon (detectors) e- - Mass (2.5 kg) - Volume (2 l) - Power 2.6 W e- p+ D1 D2 Optimised Al-Ta “Sandwich structure”. Original design by Geant3.21 simulations - Electrons > 0.5 MeV - Protons > 10 MeV - Heavy ions qualitatively Further miniaturisation underway  9 February 2000 CHEP2000

Missions with SREM... International Space Station INTEGRAL FIRST PROBA ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section INTEGRAL International Space Station FIRST Missions with SREM... PROBA Rosetta Mars Express 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Interactions of radiation with biological systems at cellular and DNA level a, C, Fe, ... New Geant4 -based activity in the ESA General Studies Programme Biological and chemical factors... Contractor INFN Genova; network of 20 scientists at INFN, CERN, ESA, and the Italian National Institute for Cancer Research Heavy ions particularly harmful Astronaut safety, exobiology 9 February 2000 CHEP2000

ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section and Conclusions ESA has sponsored the development of a set of space-specific modules Geant4; these will be out by March 2000 Geant4 low-energy electromagnetic models for photons and electrons down to 250 eV; for protons and ions to ~1 keV; ongoing work also on antiprotons Complex test case XMM has shown the versatility of the toolkit Being a member in the Geant4 Collaboration offers significant benefits for ESA Wide user community in space applications foreseen 9 February 2000 CHEP2000