The Renaissance and Reformation (1350-1600)

I. Renaissance- a rebirth of learning and cultural and technological achievement modeled after Greece/ Rome

A. Study of the humanities- people studied art, literature, history, poetry People believed that a person should be educated and develop their talents

Renaissance Italy

Florence

Santa Maria del Fiore

Venice

Milan

Rome (St. Peter’s)

View From St. Peter’s

Trevi Fountain

B. Introduction of Printing- in 1455 Johann Gutenberg built first printing press, books now made quickly Gutenberg’s Bible

Gutenberg’s Printing Press

1. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1513)-ruler must be ruthless to keep power, influenced governments “No enterprise is more likely to succeed than one concealed from the enemy until it is ripe for execution.”

Niccolo Machiavelli ?

C. Art & Literature- artists wished to recapture realism of classical (Greek/ Roman) artists

1. Leonardo da Vinci- Italian artist, painted Mona Lisa, studied human body, recorded inventions in notebooks

Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

Da Vinci’s The Last Supper

2. Michelangelo- Italian painter/sculptor, 1508-12 painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel in the Vatican

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo’s Pieta

Michelangelo’s David David

3. William Shakespeare- (1564-1616)- English writer, considered greatest playwright of all time

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare’s Home

Globe Theater

D. Effects- Renaissance inspired human achievement, reinforced need for education

II. The Reformation- by the 1500’s many believed the Roman Catholic Church needed reform

A. Church too interested in money and material possessions Church began selling indulgences- priest forgave sin if person paid extra to the Church

Indulgences

Vatican (Pope’s residence)

B. In 1517 Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses attacking indulgences and promoting various reforms

Luther & the 95 Theses

1. Luther excommunicated in 1521, many agree with Luther and become Protestants

Martin Luther quotes…. “The Lord commonly gives riches to foolish people, to whom he gives nothing else.” “Blood alone moves the wheels of history.” “Here I stand; I can do no other. God help me. Amen!”

Wartburg castle Luther translated the Bible into German

2. By 1546, ½ of the Holy Roman Empire became Protestant, new Protestant groups form

3. Followers of Luther become Lutherans C. Catholic Church uses Counter Reformation to reform the Church, re-take/defend Catholic areas

1. Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed individuals kings/lords to decide religion of their land

D. Another reformer, John Calvin began a strict Protestant group- Calvinists (later broke into Puritans/Presbyterians)

John Calvin “Man with all his cleverness is as stupid about understanding the mysteries of God, as a donkey is incapable of understanding musical harmony”

“I, Henry VIII, as King of England, have no superior but God." E. King Henry VIII of England wanted the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, but the pope refused “I, Henry VIII, as King of England, have no superior but God."

Henry VIII & Catherine

1. Henry divorced anyway and married Anne Boleyn

2. 1533 Henry took over the Catholic Church in England, re-named it the Anglican Church, under his authority

3. Queen Elizabeth (Anne’s daughter), powerful ruler, established England as a Protestant (Anglican) nation

Queen Elizabeth quotes…. “I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband--the kingdom of England.” “You may have many a wiser monarch sitting in this seat, but you never have had, or shall have, any who loves you better.”

F. Effects of the Reformation- by 1600, Christianity in Europe firmly divided between: Protestant (Lutherans, Anglicans, Calvinists), Roman Catholic, & Eastern Orthodox

Divisions of Christianity Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox (1054) Protestants (1500’s) Lutheran Anglican Calvinist

Religion In Europe (1600)

1. Authority of the Pope & Catholic Church reduced 2. Education throughout Europe increases as religious groups build schools/universities

Notre Dame (Catholic) Harvard University (Puritan)

On a half-sheet write your name, and complete 1, 2, & 3 below: How did the Renaissance change Europe? How did the Reformation change Europe? Write a question about something interesting or confusing about 3.1