Voice
Voice Sonorants are normally voiced Nasals, approximants, vowels 2
Voice Sonorants are normally voiced Nasals, approximants, vowels Sometimes they are voiceless We say the most common state of affairs is ‘unmarked’ Voiced sonorants are unmarked Voiceless sonorants are marked (uncommon) 3
Voice Obstruents can be voiced or voiceless Stops, fricatives, affricates 4
Voice Obstruents can be voiced or voiceless Stops, fricatives, affricates Some languages have only /p, t, k/ No languages have /b, d, g/ without /p, t, k/ so voiceless obstruents are unmarked 5
Voice in English stops Word-initial stops Difference between /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ is twofold Voicing VOT [phat] ‘pot’ [bat] ‘bought’ 6
Voice in English stops Word-initial stops Difference between /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ is twofold Voicing VOT [phat] ‘pot’ [bat] ‘bought’ VOT differences are more important than voice 7
Voice in English stops If [phat] ‘pot’ and [bat] ‘bought’ are pronounced [phat] ‘pot’ [pat] ‘bought People still perceive the difference is [b] vs. [p] 8
Voice in English stops If [phat] ‘pot’ and [bat] ‘bought’ are pronounced [phat] ‘pot’ [pat] ‘bought People still perceive the difference is [b] vs. [p] So voicing isn’t crucial 9
Voice in Spanish stops Spanish doesn’t have aspirated stops [b]alencia ‘Valencia’ [p]alencia ‘Palencia’ Difference is voicing 10
Voice in Spanish stops Spanish doesn’t have aspirated stops [b]alencia ‘Valencia’ [p]alencia ‘Palencia’ Difference is voicing English speakers hear no difference, because they expect VOT differences 11
Voice in English stops Word-finally voiced stops often devoice [bæ:d] > [bæ:t] What distinguishes ‘bad’ from ‘bat’ is the vowel length [bæ:d] ‘bad [bæt] ‘bat’ 12
Voice in English stops Word-finally voiced stops often devoice [bæ:d] > [bæ:t] What distinguishes ‘bad’ from ‘bat’ is the vowel length [bæ:d] ‘bad [bæt] ‘bat’ Once again, voicing isn’t crucial in English 13
Voice in English stops Unaspirated /p, t, k/ appear after /s/ s[p]it, s[k]it, s[t]ick If you voice them s[b]it, s[g]it, s[d]ick No one perceived them differently 14
Voice in English stops Unaspirated /p, t, k/ appear after /s/ s[p]it, s[k]it, s[t]ick If you voice them s[b]it, s[g]it, s[d]ick No one perceived them differently The important difference is not voicing but aspiration 15
Binary features Some linguistic schools assumed sounds made of binary features “There must be opposition in all things . . .” One feature is [voice(d)] 16
Binary features This school used features in mathematical-like equations 17
Binary features To state the fact that sonorants tend to be voiced and obstruents voiceless they expressed it this way 18
Voicing assimilation Adjacent sounds often become similar C[-voice]C[+voice] > C[+voice]C[+voice] Spanish /mismo/ > [mizmo] 19
CV phonology Theory that assumes phones are linked to all of their features and to a CV skeleton [z] is linked to C and to [voice] and to other features also C | [z] [voice] 20
CV phonology Assimilation of voice is spread of [voice] to adjacent sound [tampa] > [tamba] 21
Contrastive or complementary If two phones appear in different context they are . . . 22
Contrastive or complementary If two phones appear in different context they are . . . Allophones of the same phoneme Complementary distribution 23
Contrastive or complementary If two phones appear in different context they are . . . Allophones of the same phoneme Complementary distribution If two phones appear in the same context they are . . . 24
Contrastive or complementary If two phones appear in different context they are . . . Allophones of the same phoneme Complementary distribution If two phones appear in the same context they are . . . Allophones of different phonemes Contrastive distribution 25
Contrastive or complementary Is voicing contrastive in the fricatives and affricates of this language? Do a Y diagram for s, z, ʧ, ʤ, ɸ, β 26
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Contrastive or complementary Do s, z appear in same or different context? 28
Contrastive or complementary Do s, z appear in same or different context? Do ʧ, ʤ appear in same or different context? 29
Contrastive or complementary Do s, z appear in same or different context? Do ʧ, ʤ appear in same or different context? 30
Contrastive or complementary Do s, z appear in same or different context? Do ʧ, ʤ appear in same or different context? Do ɸ, β apper in same of different context? 31
Two ways to determine phonemic status of phone Minimal pair Distribution 32
Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’ [deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’ What is the process that sometimes applies? 33
Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’ [deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’ What is the process that sometimes applies? A C adopts voicing of following C 34
Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’ [deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’ What is the process that sometimes applies? A C adopts voicing of following C Problem [tɾes] > *[dɾes] 35
Galician [tɾes meses] ~ [tɾez meses] ‘3 months’ [deɵ meses] ~ [deð meses] ‘10 months’ What is the process that sometimes applies? A C adopts voicing of following C Problem [tɾes] > *[dɾes] A fricative adopts voicing of following C 36
Arara What is the voicing process? 37
Arara What is the voicing process? C voices after vowel or sonorant? 38
Arara What is the voicing process? C voices after vowel or sonorant? What about [ʧ] > *[ʤ] 39
Arara What is the voicing process? C voices after vowel or sonorant? What about [ʧ] > *[ʤ] Stops voice after vowels or sonorants 40
Portuguese Are [z] and [s] contrastive? Are there minimal pairs? What does the distribution tell you? 41
Portuguese /z/--[z] /s/--[s] 42
Portuguese Now consider these data Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? 43
Portuguese Now consider these data Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? no 44
Portuguese Now consider these data Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? No So [s] and [z] are allophones of same phoneme 45
Portuguese Now consider these data Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? No So [s] and [z] are allophones of same phoneme But, what about minimal pair [kasa] ‘hunt’ [kasa] ‘house 46
Portuguese Now consider these data Are [kasas] and [kasaz] a minimal pair? no Are [pas] and [paz] a minimal pair? No So [s] and [z] are allophones of same phoneme But, what about minimal pair [kasa] ‘hunt’ [kasa] ‘house That says [s] and [z] belong to different phonemes 47
Portuguese On the one hand On the other hand /s/--[s] /z/--[z] \ [z] 48
Portuguese Solution: allophone sharing 49
Korean Do [b, d, g, dz] contrast with [p, t, k, ts]? Draw Y diagrams for each 50
Korean [b, d, g, dz] only appear between voiced phones 51
Korean [b, d, g, dz] only appear between voiced phones What is phonemic representation of [kilda]? 52