Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School The Great War Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School

The Road to War

Nationalism Ottoman retreat from Balkans creates Slavic nationalism Serbs (slavs) desire a unified, independent Serbia Russian supports Serbia Russian support for Pan-Slavism creates tension with Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908 Bosnia had a large population of Serbs

Imperialism Race for additional territory after 1880 created tension between European nations Berlin Conference (1884-1885) called to prevent violence Britain and Germany clash over territory in Africa and Middle East Moroccan Crisis of 1905 France and Germany clash over control of Morocco Balkan Wars 1912-1913 Increases tension between Russia and Austria-Hungary

Militarism Size of European militaries doubled between 1890 and 1914 Russian army = 1,000,000 men France & Germany = 900,000 men

The Alliance System

An Inevitable War? “The entire able-bodied population is preparing to massacre one another; though no one, it is true, wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow Europe sky-high.” Frederic Passy, 1895

“…some unforeseen incident…” Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 The assassin was Gavrilo Princip a member of a nationalist group called Young Bosnia

“…the spark to fall in a flash…and blow Europe sky high” Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 Russia immediately mobilizes its army Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914

Europe at War

The Western Front Schlieffen Plan Rapid attack fails Devised by Alfred von Schlieffen in 1905 Germany’s plan to avoid fighting a war on two fronts Called for rapid attack on France through Belgium Rapid attack fails Result is a stalemate on Western Front

European Theater

The Western Front: A Stalemate

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Point of Emphasis: The Great War was a “global” war

Europe recruited soldiers from their colonies to fight in the war Clockwise from top left: Sikh soldiers in India, Chinese troops in Greece, African soldiers in German East Africa, a Bermuda militia in London

Global Recruiting Posters

The Middle East Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers Attempt to regain territory in Balkan peninsula Armenian Genocide Arab Revolt of 1916 Arabs want independence from the Ottoman Empire British promise military aid Revolt was unsuccessful due to the lack of military support Arabs gain their independence with a price T.E. Lawrence, leader of the Arab revolt

Armenian Genocide

East Asia Japanese enter war on side of allies Seize German colonies in the Pacific & China Japan issues China the Twenty-One Demands in 1915 Would turn China into a protectorate of Japan Chinese government did not accept or reject the demands Let to collapse of China’s military government Yuan Shikai was ousted as result of the Twenty-One Demands

South Asia Indian National Congress initially supported the war Hope to achieve self-government British made promises to move towards self-government 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers and laborers Over 100,000 casualties Provided food and materials to aid the British war effort

Point of Emphasis: World War I was a high-tech war New technology changes nature of warfare (and not for the better) Over 8 million soldiers killed; over 19 million wounded Over 8 million civilians were also killed

World War I biplane German U-boat British Tank Machine gunners w/ gas masks

Point of Emphasis: World War I was a Total War Definition of Total War Conflict in which the participating countries devote all of their resources to the war effort Aspects of Total War Mandatory military conscription 40% of all French males served in the Great War Nationalization of industry The Home Front Women, children, ethnic minorities, etc. are considered a vital part of the war effort Propaganda

The Home Front Women in the Great War Factory workers, nurses, farmers Facilitates suffrage movement in U.S.

The Home Front Rationing Food Shortages Diets Change Left: German bread ration card Above: U.S. Food Administration propaganda posters

African-Americans in World War I 380,000 African-Americans served in the U.S. army 200,000 were sent to Europe; only 42,000 saw combat

War Propaganda

War Propaganda

Weird War Propaganda

End of the Great War

U.S. Enters the Great War Germans sink the Lusitania on May 7, 1915 Unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Note in February 1917 U.S. declares war on Germany on April 6, 1917

1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic One of the most devastating outbreaks of disease in modern times Mass movement during World War I spread the flu around the world Spread to the trenches of the Great War “Spanish” flu kills 30 million people worldwide Kills 550,000 in the United States Kills 12.5 million in India and China

End of the Great War Russia withdraws in February 1918 Russian Revolution War of Attrition Almost no fighting occurs in Germany Germany surrenders at 11:00 on November 11, 1918 Treaty of Versailles conference starts January 1919