DIRT TIME: sit in your pair/three Amelia, Rosa and Daniel Flo and Sam Pheobe and Madeleine Saffron B and Abbie Oli and Hayley Ellie and Saffron H Issy P, Izzy M and Jake George T and George Marley and Rosie

Today Read through your essay Identify your strengths and weaknesses Sit in your pair/three. How can you improve one section of your essay. Read the modal answers. Can you improve your answer further. Using your homework, complete the grid on social influences: A01: conclusion/implications A02: Explanations of the findings (SLT/GST/BSA) A03: evaluation of studies: methodology/validity Wider evaluation/comparison: does it link to any other research

What is different with this approach? The areas you need to cover here are Social influences on gender (the influence of parents, peers, schools, media) Cultural influences on gender role   Social influences on gender is the one section of the specification where there is no theory or overall explanation. For an exam question if you are asked to outline research into social influences on gender or outline cultural influences on gender, the AO1 will be studies. This also affects how you write the Evaluation- How?

Three explanations for research findings Define each referring to gender Social Learning theory suggests gender… Gender Schema suggests Biosocial suggests

Social learning theory Social Learning Theory (SLT , Bandura & Walters 1963). Reinforcement - Mischel (1966, 1970) argued reinforcement is significant in children developing a concept of their gender. Positive reinforcement – i.e. praise or smiling for doing something gender ‘appropriate’ is more likely to be repeated. Negative reinforcement – behaviour that avoids or escapes from something unpleasant. i.e. a boy not playing with a doll house to escape negative comments form his friends. Vicarious reinforcement - observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour

SLT… Observational Learning – SLT suggests children observe role models, (especially same –sex) this may be internalised and performed themselves i.e. observing mum pushing a push chair. Which process, reinforcement or observational learning do you think will have more of an impact on a child’s gender formation?

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT):Schema First, SCT agrees with SLT that early gender development is formed through reinforcement & observational learning. However, the child's’ cognition (mental processes) also plays a role, by: Mentally rehearsing the behaviour they observe and deciding whether to performing it themselves- based on whether this does meet their gender stereotypes (schema)

Biosocial approach Research would suggest parents/schools would respond to the individuals physical sex It is this response that shapes gender identity

Today Read through your essay Identify your strengths and weaknesses Sit in your pair/three. How can you improve one section of your essay. Read the modal answers. Can you improve your answer further. Using your homework, complete the grid on social influences: A01: conclusion/implications A02: Explanations of the findings (SLT/GST/BSA) A03: evaluation of studies: methodology/validity Wider evaluation/comparison: does it link to any other research

Since the AO1 is the studies rather than theories, how do I evaluate? Still need to cover IDA, AO3 and wider evaluation and remember to answer the question IDA – may be on nature/nurture AO3 – are the studies valid and/or reliable and why does this matter? Wider evaluation could discuss how it is difficult to assess the social influences since they cannot be isolated as independent variables in controlled studies. You could also discuss for wider evaluation why the social influences may influence children – do they alter children’s gender schemas or effect the way they behave through social learning theory? Alternatively for wider evaluation you could look for themes in the research and then suggest how parent and schools could improve gender equality

Note the previous exam question: 0 8 Describe research into social influences on gender. (8 marks) 0 9 Assess the importance of social influences on gender. (16 marks) What would you include in 9? List 5 things (each thing would be in a separate paragraph) that you would write about.