Anatomy Unit 4 Review Answers

(1) Which 4 structures are included in the skeletal system? Bones Joints Cartilage Bone marrow

(2) What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? Protection Support Movement Mineral + Growth hormone storage Blood Cell Production

(3) Which bone makes up your lower jaw? mandible

(4) Which bone makes up your upper jaw? maxilla

(5) Which bones sit perpendicular to your sternum, and directly beneath your neck? Clavicle bones

(6) What is the bone to which the ribs connect to? Vertebral column

(8) Which bone is your “shoulder blade”? scapula

(9) Which bone makes up the upper portion of your arm? humerus

(10) Which 2 bones make up your forearms? Radius Ulna

(11) Which 2 bones make up your wrists and palms? Carpals Metacarpals

(12) Which bone makes up the upper portion of your leg? femur

(13) Which 2 bones make up your shins? Tibia Fibula

(14) Which 2 bones make up your ankles and the soles of your feet? Tarsals Metatarsals

(15) What bone makes up your fingers and toes? phalange

(16) Which bone is your kneecap? patella

Skip #17-21…. 

(22) What are the 2 bone regions? Axial Appendicular

(23) Which bones make up the axial skeleton? Skull Vertebral column Center of pelvis Sternum Ribs

(24) Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton? Arms Legs Shoulders Hips

(25) What are the 4 types of bones? Long Short Flat Irregular

(26) What is the function of long bones? Weight support Movement

(27) Provide 2-3 examples of long bones: Humerus, radius, ulna Femur, tibia, fibula phalanges

(28) What is the function of short bones? Increase range of body movement

(29) Provide 2-3 examples of short bones: Carpals, metacarpals Tarsals,metatarsals

(30) What is the function of flat bones? Protection

(31) Provide 2-4 examples of flat bones: Skull Scapula Sternum ribs

(32) What is the function of irregular bones? Attachment sites for muscles, tendons, ligaments…

(33) Provide 2 examples of irregular bones: Vertebral column Pelvis / hip

(34) What and Where is compact bone? What: dense layer of bone Where: outside of bones

(35) What and Where is spongy bone? What: porous layer of bone Where: inside bone

(36) What is the diaphysis? Shaft of the bone

(37) What is the epiphysis? The very end of a long bone

(38) What is the epiphyseal plate in a bone? Area of cartilage growth At the end of bones (epiphyses) Shows up as epiphyseal line

(39) What and Where is the periosteum? What: membrane that connects nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels to bone… Where: outside of compact bone….

(40) What and Where is the endosteum? What: membrane that connects nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels to bone…. Where: inside, surrounding the spongy bone….

(41) Which structures make up the organic portion of bone (41) Which structures make up the organic portion of bone? What is their function? Bone Cells… Osteoblasts = baby bone cells Osteoclasts = cannibal bone cells Osteocytes = mature bone cells Osteoid…. Goo that contains bone nutrients + osteoblasts! Necessary for bone development + repair!

Contains necessary cells + vitamins/ions for bone growth (42) What is osteoid? Nutrient Goo Contains necessary cells + vitamins/ions for bone growth

(43) Which compounds make up the inorganic portion of bone? Calcium & Phosphate (Minerals) Growth Hormones

Skip #44-45! 

(46) What are osteoblasts? Baby bone cells Secrete osteoid

(46) What are osteoblasts? Baby bone cells Secrete osteoid Develop into mature bone cells

(47) What are osteocytes? Mature bone cells

(48) What are osteoclasts? Cannibal bone cells They eat bone debris + excess material

(49) Which factors can cause bone injury? Increase in weight Irregular twisting Irregular bending Irregular rotation

(50) What is a comminuted fracture? Why does it happen? What: fracture in which bone breaks into 3 or more pieces Why: smash into something

(51) What are osteoblasts?** Baby bone cells…. We already did this one 

(52) What are osteocytes?** Mature bone cells… We already did this one 

(53) What are osteoclasts?** Cannibal bone cells… We already did this one 

(54) Which factors can cause bone injury? ** Weight, twisting, bending, rotating… We already did this one 

(55) What is a comminuted fracture? Why does it happen? What: Bone breaks into 3 or more pieces… Why: Smash into something… We already did this one 

(56) What is a spiral fracture? Why does it happen? What: Ragged diagonal fracture Why: Irregular twisting

(57) What is a depressed fracture? Where does it happe? What: piece of bone is pushed inwards Where: skull

(58) What is a transverse fracture? Perpendicular Clean Break

(59) What is an oblique fracture? Diagonal Clean Break

(60) What is an open fracture? Where is it common? What: Bone breaks through skin… Where: clavicles, forearms, ribs, shins…

(61) What is a compression fracture? What causes it? Where? What: Bone is pulverized Cause: Brittle / Old Bones Where: Spine, Heels / Feet

(62) What is an epiphyseal fracture? Why does it happen? What: Epiphysis breaks off diaphysis, at the epiphyseal line Why: Brittle / Old Bones

(63) What is a greenstick fracture? Why does it happen? What: bone breaks incompletely Why: You are a young child + bones are flexible

(64) What are the 4 stages of bone repair? Hematoma Fibrocartilaginous Callus Bony Callus Remodeling

(65) What happens during hematoma formation? Busted blood vessels spew out blood…. Blood / Fluid pools under skin @ wound site

(66) What happens during the Fibrocartilaginous Callus formation? Cartilage reconnects main bone pieces Osteoclasts devour debris

(67) What happens during the bony callus formation? Establish spongy + compact bone

(68) What occurs during final bone remodeling? Compact bone thickened Osteoclasts minimize excess bone material

Spaces in between 2 bones (69) What are joints? Spaces in between 2 bones

(70) What are the 6 types of joints? Pivot Condyloid Plane Hinge Saddle Ball and socket

(71) What is the purpose of joints? Allow for wider range of movement.

(72) What type of movement do pivot joints allow for? Where are they? Movement: uniaxial Where: vertebral column

Where: wrist and knuckles (73) What type of movement do condyloid joints allow for? Where are they? Movement: angular Where: wrist and knuckles

(74) What type of movement do plane joints allow for? Where are they? Movement: short gliding Where: intercarpal / intertarsal

(75) What type of movement do hinge joints allow for? Where are they? Movement: uniaxial Where: elbow, interphalangeal

(76) What type of movement do saddle joints allow for? Where are they? Movement: angular Where: thumbs, metacarpal

Movement: universal Where: shoulder + hips (77) What type of movement do ball and socket joints allow for? Where are they? Movement: universal Where: shoulder + hips

Tear / Pull in muscle/tendon/ligament (78) What is a sprain? Tear / Pull in muscle/tendon/ligament

(79) What is a dislocation? Bone is out of socket/joint

(80) What are the 3 types of muscle? Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

(81) What does skeletal muscle look like? Striped (striated)

(82) What type of movement does skeletal muscle allow for? Whole body movement

(83) Where can you find skeletal muscle? On top of your skeleton (bones)

(84) What does cardiac muscle look like? Branched

(85) What type of movement does cardiac muscle allow? Heart contraction Fast contraction Involuntary

(86) Where can you find cardiac muscle? Heart

(87) What does smooth muscle look like?

(88) What type of movement does smooth muscle allow for? Secretions + churning Involuntary

(89) Where can you find smooth muscle? Digestive system

(90) What are the 4 functions of muscle? Whole body Movement Heat production Maintain upright position Organ movement

(91) List the parts of skeletal muscle: Macroscopic  Microscopic: Muscle Fascicle Muscle fiber Myofibril Sarcomere Myofilament

(92) What is the muscle? Organ

Bundle of muscle fibers (93) What is a fascicle? Bundle of muscle fibers

(94) What / Where is the epimysium? Perimysium? Epimysium = membrane covering outside of whole muscle Perimysium = membrane covering fascicle

(95) What is a muscle fiber? Muscle cell

Organelle inside muscle fiber (96) What is a myofibril? Organelle inside muscle fiber

Contractile unit inside myofibril-organelle (97) What is a sarcomere? Contractile unit inside myofibril-organelle

(98) What are the myofilaments? Parts that contract w/in sarcomere… Actin & Myosin

What: myofilament (thin) (99) What / Where is actin? What: myofilament (thin) Where: inside muscle fiber… inside the sarcomere of myofibril

(100) What/Where is Myosin? What: myofilament (thick) Where: inside muscle fiber… inside sarcomere of myofibril

(101) Why is a muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory? Actin + myosin = filaments They slide together That is a muscle contraction

(102) What causes a muscle contraction? Sliding of actin + myosin past each other…

(103) Describe the sodium-potassium channel initiation… Acetylcholine binds to sarcolemma of muscle fiber… Na-K channels open for depolarization…

(104) Briefly describe what happens during depolarization of the sarcolemma: Na and K flow in/out down the membrane (sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber

Right After: Calcium binds with troponin + troponin unveils actin…. (105) Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What happens right after? Ion Released = Calcium Right After: Calcium binds with troponin + troponin unveils actin….

(106) Describe the interaction of myosin + ATP …. Actin was unveiled…. Myosin spits out ADP + P = ATP…. Myosin hinges upright to grab actin!

(107) What must occur for muscle fibers to relax? ATP back to myosin Troponin + tropomyosin cover up actin Calcium back to sarcoplasmic reticulum Na + K back in/out of muscle fiber Na + K channels close