10/17 Daily Catalyst Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria 1. What is a characteristic shared by all organisms? 2. Which organism is most closely related to birds? 3. Provide an example of a postzygotic barriers.

10/17 Daily Catalyst Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria 1. What is a characteristic shared by all organisms? Vertebrae 2. Which organism is most closely related to birds? Dinosaurs

10/6 Daily Catalyst Pg. 32 Evolution of Bacteria 3. Provide an example of a postzygotic barriers. An example of a postzygotic barrier is a donkey and horse. Once the organisms mate, the offspring is non fertile.

10/17 Class Business Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria Evolution debate/discussion on Monday We will review on Monday too. Please bring questions Evolution test on Tuesday Study guide due test day Please schedule an appt. with Mrs. Ireland

10/17 Agenda Pg. 36 Evolution of Bacteria Daily Catalyst Class Business Daily Objective Evolution of Bacteria Video Clip Review Homework: study guide and hardy-weinberg worksheet

Example #1 Determine the percent of the population that is hybrid if the allelic frequency of the recessive trait is .5? What equation will we use? What do we know? What do we want to know?

Example #1 Determine the percent of the population that is hybrid if the allelic frequency of the recessive trait is .6? What equation will we use? p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 What do we know? Recessive allele (q) = .6 or 60% What do we want to know? Hybrid population percentage (pq) p + .6 = 1 p = .4 2pq 2(.4)(.6)= .48 or 48%

Essay Prompt Are natural populations ever in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? List and explain each of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and compare each with the actual situation in natural populations. Cite examples to support your argument. On page 33

Grading Rubric - No, natural populations are rarely (never?) in H-W equilibrium. - infinitely large populations - no such thing…population growth is finite - no selection - the environment exerts a selective force (predators, parasite, disease, competition) - no mutation - errors in replication happen at a constant rate - random mating - sexual selection exists - no gene flow - immigration & emigration usually happens

Essay Prompt Compare and contrast artificial selection and natural selection. Explain how the former was useful to Darwin in his thinking about evolution. Cite examples of artificial selection.

Grading Rubric - artificial selection is human-created evolution; intentional selection - humans are the selection agent: they select the traits in a species that they want to propagate; humans choose the matings and therefore determine which individuals are successful. - artificial selection does not produce individuals that are adapted to the environment, but rather adapted to human use. - natural selection is based environmental selection factors. Adaptations bring about successful in a natural setting. - both exert a selection pressure on a species. - artificial selection enabled Darwin to see that traits are passed from parent to offspring & that traits could accumulate in a population if individuals bearing those traits are allowed to reproduce selectively. - Example: dogs, pigeons (Darwin’s direct experience), Brassicae (cole) crops, many other agricultural examples.

Populations of organisms continue to evolve 10/17 Daily Objective We will be able to evaluate given data sets that illustrate evolution as an ongoing process. Essential knowledge: Populations of organisms continue to evolve

Prior Knowledge What do we know about bacteria?

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic LIFE

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic LIFE Plants and Animals

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic LIFE Plants and Animals Bacteria

Characteristics of Bacteria Prokaryotic cell Single celled Contains DNA Can replicate and grow on its own

Characteristics of Bacteria Since Bacteria have DNA, they can evolve too. We have seen bacteria change over time due to a changing environment. The bacteria need to adapt to this changing environment.

Resisting our drugs Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are drugs that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. When antibiotics were first discovered, they seemed to represent a miracle cure for human diseases like pneumonia, typhoid, bubonic plague, and gonorrhea. However, almost immediately after the introduction of antibiotics, bacteria began to change — resistant strains of bacteria soon evolved that could grow even in the presence of a particular antibiotic, rendering our drugs ineffective in battling these resistant infections.

The problem is much like running on a treadmill — medical researchers must sweat just to stay in the same place in their race against the bacteria. Drug companies develop and introduce a new antibiotic, only to see the evolution of resistant bacterial strains within a few years. This necessitates the development of yet another antibiotic, which, in turn, becomes useless in the face of newly evolved resistant bacteria.

How exactly does antibiotic resistance evolve How exactly does antibiotic resistance evolve? How have such small and simple organisms managed to repeatedly outpace our drugs? The process is quite simply evolution by natural selection — but bacteria have a few secret weapons that give them an edge. Imagine a population of bacteria infecting a patient in a hospital. The patient is treated with an antibiotic. The drug kills most of the bacteria but there are a few individual bacteria that happen to carry a gene that allows them to survive the onslaught of antibiotic. These survivors reproduce, passing on the gene for resistance to their offspring, and soon the patient is populated by an antibiotic resistant infection — one that not only affects the original patient but that can also be passed on to other patients in the hospital.

What can we do? A strategy being considered for use in hospitals called cycling. The idea is simple: doctors in a hospital would cycle through antibiotics, prescribing a particular antibiotic for period of time and then switching to a new one. Researchers and clinicians thought that cycling would reduce levels of antibiotic resistance because the bacteria would not have time to evolve to keep up with the changing drugs — just as a resistant strain for Drug #1 evolves and spreads, along comes Drug #2, and strains resistant to Drug #1 no longer have any advantage.

What is your opinion?

PBS video clip http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educato rs/lessons/lesson6/act1.html

Homework Read the article and answer the following questions. This sheet must be attached to page 36. I will check this assignment on Monday.

Review Page 441, Concept Check 22.1, #2 Page 446, Concept Check 22.2, #1 and #2 Page 451, Concept Check 22.3, #2 Page 458, Concept check 23.1, #1 Page 460, Concept check 23.2, #1 and #2 Page 471, #3, #4, #5, #6

Practice Time!

Question #1 A bird gains a new mutation that increases the colors of its wings. What would cause this new mutation to increase in frequency? If the mutation helps the bird survive and reproduce.

Question #2 Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution: All species evolve slowly over time by natural selection Only the fittest survive Fitness is ability to survive and pass on genes Organisms evolve by adaptations

Question #3 Why is comparative embryology evidence for Darwin’s theory of evolution? Proves that we all have the same building blocks and start out looking similar to one another because we share DNA but over time diverge into separate species.

Question #4 Give an example of: Tick sucking blood from a human arm Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Tick sucking blood from a human arm Egret eating bugs from the rhinoceros Spanish moss hanging on an oak tree

Question #5 A moth develops a mutation that changes its coloring to one that blends in with the forest it lives in. How would we expect the population of the moths to grow over the next 5 years? Why? Increase, because the mutation helps them survive and beat out the predators.

Question #6 Draw a cladogram depicting the relationship between the species, humans with the following specie information in the chart. Species Percent DNA similarity Chimpanzee 99.6% Dog 91.3% Fruit Fly 74.2% Roundworm 50.8%

CHIMP HUMANS DOG FRUIT FLY ROUND WORM

Where are the simple fossils?

Why? These two organisms a similar body structure, but are not related. Why do they share this same body type? These animals live in similar environments and to survive, they use their body shape front claws, and nose.

Eyeless salamanders have eye sockets because the used to have eyes Vestigial- no longer used What type of structure: homologous, analogous or vestigial Vestigial bc they do not use it anymore

Where are the most complex fossils?

Fossils Compares two fossils to one another Uses index fossils to compare Gives an approximate age Does not need to be completed in a lab Gives an actual age Uses breakdown of radioactive elements Carbon is commonly used Completed in a lab Relative Dating Radioactive Dating

What does this picture represent and why? Transitional forms because we can see how an organism has evolved over time and the traits that has changed/stayed the same.

Name the structure and why: Homologous, because they all have the same ancestor and the bone structure is similar. The functions of the structures are different from one another.

What is the reason for Pangaea breaking apart and separating similar species? Continental Drift

Interpret the Chart The chart how before antibiotics are administered, there are bacteria that do exhibit resistance. After antibiotics have been taken, the level of resistances increases.

Debate Prep