“A Tale of Two Cities”: A Micro Study of Challenges to Urban Sustainability faced by Afro Europeans. “the Docks” created by Author

Sustainable Development - a human rights based approach to development, concerned with the future as well as the present. ... “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” Sustainable Development Goal 11 European Year for Development & launch of UN Post 2015 Development Agenda & Sustainable Development Goals in September 2015. European Green Capital 1 created by Author

BRISTOL EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL 2015 ‘Aims to inspire and promote best practices, in environmental improvement and sustainable development, to all European cities’. Pop’n approximately ½ million, BME presence - 22%; over 50% in some wards, 6% of African descent. 2015 also marks the beginning of the IDPAD. European Green Capital 2, created by Author

Is it … safe, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable ? European Green Capital 4 created by Author European Green Capital 5, created by Author

City of Sanctuary 2011 European Green Capital 7, created by Author Bristol became a City of Sanctuary in 2011; homelessness & shortage of affordable housing increasing. European Green Capital 7, created by Author European Green Capital 6, created by Author

Structural Barriers Fiscal austerity Inequality e.g. in education & employment low numbers of Afro Europeans in policymaking & leadership Social deprivation in neighbourhoods with high density BME populations, e.g. poor housing, traffic congestion, & air pollution. Fiscal austerity, systemic racism and populist anti immigrant sentiment marginalises African diaspora and migrant communities. European Green Capital 8 created by Author

INCLUSIVE ENAR’s Draft Framework of National Strategies for tackling Afrophobia Capacity building, e.g. ‘mandatory anti racist training for all personnel in the field of law enforcement’, for access to justice, development, and other EU priorities on human rights. E.g. European Green Capital 9 created by Author

Community Development SAFE Community Development Community Outreach COMPASS, AEDP and other existing strategies to raise awareness on environmental equality, International Decade for People of African Descent, & SDGs . European Green Capital 11, created by Author European Green Capital 10, created by Author

RESILIENT The Bristol Manifesto for Race Equality Engaging community participation & leadership through inclusive policy building for race equality and urban sustainability. CHALLENGES < 10% of Bristol City Council staff are BME; 3% earn £50,000+ Crime, social conflict and tensions fuelled by rising inequalities, e.g. in education. Changing demographics. BME pop’n of urbanism increased from 12% to 22% between 2001 & 2011. BCC desires to change resilience challenge into a resilience dividend, i.e. “fall more safely and rebound more quickly” in future, Judith Rodin, Rockefeller Institute.

SUSTAINABLE Education and volunteering empowers awareness of youth: of the importance of inclusive environmental equality for SDGs; the RECM (UK Education) European Green Capital 12 created by Author European Green Capital 13, created by Author

The Role of Civil Society … impact through dialogue and tailor made responses… to Afrophobia and other manifestations of racism, discrimination and inequality ! e.g. Bristol City Council with Somali Community Action Plan, Malcolm X Centre & Ujima Radio Station European Green Capital 12 created by Author

FIN European Green Capital 13, created by Author

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33230552 http://thebristolcable.org/2015/02/african-eyes-on-green-capital/ [18/06/15] http://bristol.cityofsanctuary.org/ [19/06/15] http://bristolgreencapital.org/about/european-green-capital-award/ [18/06/15] http://www.bristolbmevoice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Manifesto-for-Race-Equality-9March2015b-Appendixnew.pdf https://bristolresearchnetwork.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/population-of-bristol-august-2013.pdf [20/06/15] www.citiesofmigration.ca www.ecu.ac.uk/our-projects/race-equality-charter-mark-trial [19/06/15] http://www.enar-eu.org/IMG/pdf/book_-_people_of_african_descent_-_final-2.pdf [19/06/15] http://www.voscur.org/content/bristol-manifesto-race-equality [18/06/15]