History of the Family: Introduction PG 9-22 Beginning with the ancestors of Canada’s First Nations peoples, different cultural groups all over Canada have organized their family structures in a variety of ways Development has happened over hundreds of years but at a different paces 20/11/2018

The Origin of the Family Specifically, cultural anthropologists study isolated human societies both from the outside and on the inside As a result many theories have been developed to explain the development of human civilizations and the origin of the human family unit 20/11/2018

The Need for Families Our brain distinguishes us from other animal species and enables us to think, problem-solve, to use language as a means of communication, to invent, and to feel emotions Humans may not have survived as a species unless some form of family grouping developed to provide care and protection and socialization 20/11/2018

First family groupings may have been __________ Loose groupings of males and females and their offspring Perhaps they were similar to social organizations of chimpanzees 20/11/2018

But, unlike primates we have developed taboos against certain kinds of aggression and sexual activity We created relative peace and cooperation necessary for the survival of the horde Later, a system of social organization based on kinship replaced a social hierarchy based on the size and strength of the dominate male 20/11/2018

The Invention of Families Likely, the earliest human family form was a kind of group marriage within the horde, in which informal pairing occurred for various lengths of time 20/11/2018

Hunter-Gatherer Families The earliest families (Canadian First Nations people were hunter-gatherers) Estimated that for... Driven by a daily quest for food (both men and women) 20/11/2018

Hunter-Gatherers Men Women Hunt large animals Gathering fruits, nuts, grains, herbs and small prey Nurturing of young Left family for long periods Researchers in today’s hunter-gatherer societies suggest that women routinely supply 2/3’s or more of the calories consumed by the group Women's roles essential to survival of societies Both men a women had a relatively high status within the group 20/11/2018

Beginning of Marriage Families were loosely formed then families today Continued to dominate until the development of agriculture Fifteen thousand years ago, many hunter gatherer communities began to stay in one location because of a sustainable and abundant food source nearby, such as a river where one could fish 20/11/2018

New formation of couple as a married couple With this came the formation of enduring relationships between men and women so that man could support his own children until they could keep up, at about 5 years of age New formation of couple as a married couple 20/11/2018

The First Canadian Families Were hunter-gatherers when they first came to live here thousands of years ago Quite diversified because of the different physical environments in Canada Egalitarian in their decision making, leadership was acquired through personal qualities, such as strength and intelligence 20/11/2018

Agricultural Families Began 11 000 years ago in the middle east Once our ancestors domesticated animals and grew plants for food, their daily quest for food was eliminated, and they were able to live in more permanent settlements 20/11/2018

Family Households More food but required more manual labour Concept of private property developed, land had to be defended and food surpluses had to be controlled and distributed Men and women’s roles became more defined and focused 20/11/2018

The Patriarchal Family Families became highly organized Men established a__________; decision makers and authority of the family Notion of inheritance of property was established through birth rights 20/11/2018

Arranged marriages occurred Polygamy also became common in many societies Extended families also formed due to the need for land for agriculture Make sure to define the bolded terms 20/11/2018

Pre-industrial Families While majority of people continued to live on family farms, the population increase that an agricultural economy allowed meant that families outgrew the land Male family members without land moved with their wives into towns and cities 20/11/2018

Child Labour Children were an economic necessity during a time when less than 50% of them reached adulthood Survival of economic family depended on all family members working, including children Notion of childhood did not exist 20/11/2018

Master of the House Marriages were monogamous Families had fewer children than agricultural families but continued to be predominantly patriarchal Men owned property; children and wives were considered property and therefore could also be disciplined harshly 20/11/2018

Urban Industrial Families As the economy shifted from one based on agriculture and commerce to one based on factory production in towns and cities, work became something done outside the family home to earn a wage to provide for the family’s subsistence Role of consumer remained but as producer was lost 20/11/2018

Families in 19th Century Canada Families became urban; more than 1/3 lived in towns and cities and more and more Canadians migrated to the cities where work could be found Motherhood as a sacred and primary role of women was the ideal Role of children changed; mandatory education lead to child labour laws and more leisure time and the “age of innocence” 20/11/2018

Stay-at-home Mothers in the Industrial Nuclear Family The ideal was the Industrial Nuclear Family However, by the beginning of the 20th century it was unusual for married women to work outside the home and the ones who did received 1/3 less than the family wage earned by men for the same work 20/11/2018

Early 20th Century Family Delayed marriage until they could afford their own home Children had to be supported until they finished school Husband as provider, head of home, link between family and society __________________ was formed 20/11/2018

The Modern Consumer Family _______________________ – not fully a woman until you have become a mother Gender stereotypes at its highest point Children were disciplined but protected from the hardships of the adult world Adolescence emerged as a distinct age because of extension of schooling into the teenage years Stereotypical modern family 20/11/2018

The Contemporary Canadian Family Please take your own notes on the following: (pg. 20-22) The past 50 years Transitional family Dual income family Blended family Changes in the Individual and Family Behaviour The future of the Family 20/11/2018