Energy in the Atmosphere

Heat Transfer Heat always moves from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature. Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature. Heat transfer continues until the objects reach equilibrium.

Transfer of Energy Conduction Convection Radiation

Conduction Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid, liquid or gas by direct contact.

Convection Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of liquids and gases.

Water movement Cools at the surface Convection current Hot water rises Cooler water sinks

Radiation Radiation is the transfer of energy through air and space by electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic spectrum Different wavelengths of energy create different types of electromagnetic waves.  Radio waves – Gamma Ray Waves

Visible Light Very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Only part humans can see. ROY G BIV Longest wavelength to shortest wavelength

Wave Behavior Reflection is when waves bounce from a surface. Light waves in a mirror Sound waves create echo  Albedo is a measure of how well a surface reflects light. High albedo = surface reflects a high percentage of the light Low albedo = surface that reflects a small percentage of light

Temperature and Heat Temperature measures how fast a material’s atoms are vibrating. High temperature particles vibrate faster than low temperature particles. Heat measures the material’s total energy. When a substance changes state, latent heat is released or absorbed. Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of the material by 1.0°C. Water has a very high specific heat, which means it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water.

Energy from the Sun Most of the energy that reaches the Earth’s surface comes from the Sun. Three types of UltraViolet radiation: UVC: the highest energy UVB: the second highest energy UVA: the lowest energy Ozone completely removes UVC, most UVB, and some UVA from incoming sunlight.

Solar Radiation on Earth Different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of solar radiation. Equator receiving more, Poles receiving less Revolution: Earth traveling around the Sun once each year. Rotation: Earth spins on its axis once each day. This axis of rotation is tilted 23.5° Seasons are caused by the direction Earth's axis is pointing relative to the Sun.

Solar Radiation on Earth Northern Hemisphere Summer Northern Hemisphere Winter

Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere Heat radiates from the ground into the lower atmosphere. (heat source for the Troposphere) Heat that radiates from the ground initiates convection cells in the atmosphere.

Heat at Earth’s Surface The amount of incoming solar energy is different at different latitudes. More solar energy reaches the low latitudes. The redistribution of heat by convection drives the planet's air currents. This map shows the maximum land surface temperature of the Earth, showing a roughly gradual temperature gradient from the low to the high latitudes.

1. Which of the following is not a method of heat transfer? A. Radiation B. Insulation C. Conduction D. Convection

2. In which of the following are the particles closest together? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas D. Fluid

3. How does heat energy reach the Earth from the Sun? A. Radiation B. Conduction C. Convection D. Insulation