Chapter 42 BIOL 1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 42 BIOL 1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos Development and Aging Chapter 42 BIOL 1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos

Early Developmental Stages Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Early Developmental Stages Fertilization - sperm and egg unite to form a zygote A human sperm cell has three parts: The head Haploid nucleus Acrosome A middle piece The tail Animal Development

Early Developmental Stages Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Early Developmental Stages An egg Actually a secondary oocyte Surrounded by layers of adhering follicular cells termed the corona radiata Surrounded by the zona pellucida Between the plasma membrane and the corona radiata Animal Development

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Fertilization Chapter 44 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. microvilli of oocyte plasma membrane 2. Acrosomal enzymes digest a portion of zona pellucida. tail 3. Sperm binds to and fuses with oocyte plasma membrane. sperm 1. Sperm makes its way through the corona radiata. corona radiata 4. Sperm nucleus enters cytoplasm of oocyte. 5. Cortical granules release enzymes; zona pellucida becomes fertilization membrane. plasma membrane nucleus middle piece head acrosome fertilization membrane 6. Sperm and egg pronuclei are enclosed in a nuclear envelope. cortical granule sperm pronucleus oocyte plasma membrane zona pellucida egg pronucleus © David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; (Chick, p. 779): © Photodisc/Getty Images Animal Development

Early Developmental Stages Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Early Developmental Stages Several hundred sperm reach the oocyte Sperm secrete enzymes to weaken the corona radiata and bind to the zona pellucida Acrosome releases digestive enzymes to allow the sperm to pass through the zona pellucida to the plasma membrane of the oocyte Animal Development

Early Developmental Stages Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Early Developmental Stages Chapter 44 One sperm enters the egg Prevent polyspermy Fertilization membrane forms The secondary oocyte completes meiosis A single nuclear envelope surrounds the egg and sperm pronuclei Zygote First cell division occurs Animal Development

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Fertilization Chapter 44 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. microvilli of oocyte plasma membrane 2. Acrosomal enzymes digest a portion of zona pellucida. tail 3. Sperm binds to and fuses with oocyte plasma membrane. sperm 1. Sperm makes its way through the corona radiata. corona radiata 4. Sperm nucleus enters cytoplasm of oocyte. 5. Cortical granules release enzymes; zona pellucida becomes fertilization membrane. plasma membrane nucleus middle piece head acrosome fertilization membrane 6. Sperm and egg pronuclei are enclosed in a nuclear envelope. cortical granule sperm pronucleus oocyte plasma membrane zona pellucida egg pronucleus © David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; (Chick, p. 779): © Photodisc/Getty Images Animal Development

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 09 The Cell Cycle

Early Developmental Stages Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Early Developmental Stages Embryonic Development Development: all the changes that occur during the life cycle of an organism Embryo: first stages of development Cleavage: Cell division without growth Animal Development

Embryonic Development Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Embryonic Development Cellular stages Morula –ball of cells resulting from cleavage Blastula- hollow ball of cells results from the morula continuing to divide and cells releasing sodium into center of ball of cells Fluid filled center Hollow center is called blastocoel Animal Development

Early Developmental Stages: Tissues Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Early Developmental Stages: Tissues Gastrulation Germ layer formation and differentiation Ectoderm – outer layer Mesoderm – middle layer of cells Endoderm – inner layer Blastopore Pore created by the inward folding of cells Eventually becomes the anus Archenteron- opening created by inward folding (primitive gut) Animal Development

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Germ Layers Chapter 44 Ectoderm: Outer layer. Gives rise to: epidermis and related structures nervous system lining of oral cavity and rectum Mesoderm: Middle layer. Gives rise to: muscles, cardiovascular system, urinary system, reproductive system and outer layers of systems also the notochord which becomes the backbone Endoderm: Inner layer. Gives rise to: linings of digestive system, respiratory system, and glands Animal Development

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Embryonic Germ Layers Animal Development

Early Developmental Stages: Organs Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Early Developmental Stages: Organs Organ Stages of Development Nervous system Develops from midline ectoderm located just above the notochord Notochord = dorsal supporting rod Neural grove becomes the neural tube Animal Development

Developmental Processes Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Developmental Processes Development requires: Growth Cellular Differentiation Cells become specialized in structure and function Morphogenesis Produces the shape and form of the body Includes pattern formation Arrangement of tissues and organs within the body Involves apoptosis Animal Development

Human Embryonic and Fetal Development Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development Human gestation time - time from conception to birth - is approximately nine months Embryonic Development - Months 1-2 Formation of major organs Fetal Development - Months 3-9 Major organs become larger and refined Animal Development

Human Embryonic and Fetal Development Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development Extraembryonic Membranes Chorion – responsible for gas exchange Amnion – contains the protective amniotic fluid, which functions to bathe the developing embryo Allantois – collects nitrogenous wastes Yolk sac – provides nourishment Presence of embryonic membranes in humans demonstrates our evolutionary relationship to reptiles Animal Development

Human Embryonic Development Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Embryonic Development First Week Morula transformed into blastocyst Blastocyst consists of: 1- A fluid-filled cavity, 2- A single layer of outer cells called the trophoblast, which gives rise to chorion. The inner cell mass - develops into a fetus Second Week Implantation begins Trophoblast secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Maintains corpus luteum, therefore maintaining the endometrium and preventing menstruation Hormone that is the basis of the pregnancy test Gastrulation occurs Inner cell mass flattened into embryonic disk Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm differentiate Animal Development

Human Development Before Implantation Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Development Before Implantation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. egg nucleus 2. Fertilization sperm nucleus secondary oocyte secondary oocyte zona pellucida corona radiata 5. Early blastocyst single cell = zygote 1. Ovulation fimbriae inner cell mass ovary oviduct 2-cell stage 6. Implantation 4-cell stage 3. Cleavage 8-cell stage early chorion 4. Morula (fertilization): © Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers,Inc.; (2-cell): © Rawlins-CMSP/GettyImages;(morula): © RBM Online/epa/Corbis; (implantation): © Bettmann/Corbis Animal Development

Human Embryonic Development Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Embryonic Development Third Week Nervous system and circulatory system appear Fourth and Fifth Weeks Umbilical cord is fully formed Limb buds appear Head enlarges Sense organs more apparent Sixth Through Eighth Weeks Head achieves normal relationship with the body as a neck region develops Nervous system is developed enough to permit reflex actions Animal Development

Human Embryo at Beginning of Fifth Week Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Embryo at Beginning of Fifth Week Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. brain tail brain optic vesicle optic vesicle pharyngeal pouch tail pharyngeal pouch heart region of heart, liver liver limb bud limb bud umbilical vessel umbilical vessel somite limb bud a. b. gastrointestinal tract a: © Lennart Nilsson, A Child is Born, Dell Publishing Animal Development

Human Embryonic and Fetal Development Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development The Structure and Function of the Placenta Placenta a mammalian structure that functions in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between embryonic and maternal cardiovascular systems. Begins formation once the embryo is fully planted Chorionic villi Project into the maternal tissues Surrounded by maternal blood sinuses The maternal and fetal blood do not mix Exchange between the fetal and maternal blood takes place across the walls of the chorionic villi Animal Development

Fetal Development and Birth Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Fetal Development and Birth Fetal development (months 3–9) involves: Extreme increase in size The genitalia appear in the third month A fetus soon acquires hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, and nails A fetus at first only flexes its limbs and nods its head Later it moves its limbs vigorously A mother feels movements from the fourth month on After 16 weeks, a fetal heartbeat is heard through a stethoscope. A fetus born at 24 weeks may survive Animal Development

Preventing and Testing for Birth Defects Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Chapter 44 Preventing and Testing for Birth Defects Have good health habits Nutritious diet Avoid potentially harmful substances, radiation, and pathogens Avoid alcohol, smoking, and drugs of abuse Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a leading cause of birth defects Many preventable birth defects are caused by cigarette smoking Avoid certain medications and supplements Avoid having X-rays Penetrating forms of radiation such as X-rays can hinder cell division and damage DNA Animal Development

Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader Stages of Birth Chapter 44 When the fetal brain matures, the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex so that androgens are released. The placenta uses androgens as precursors for estrogens that stimulate the production of prostaglandin and oxytocin The hormones estrogen, prostaglandin, and oxytocin all cause the uterus to contract and expel the fetus The process of birth (parturition) has three stages: dilation of the cervix, birth of the baby, and expulsion of the placenta Animal Development