5HUM0271 Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain

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5HUM0271 Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Britain Lecture 4: Gulliver’s Travels and the politics of corruption

Structure of the lecture The Scriblerians Party politics Why historians have termed this an ‘age of oligarchy’ Gulliver’s Travels The Beggar’s Opera

The Scriblerians Jonathan Swift John Gay Alexander Pope [Drapier’s Letters, Gulliver’s Travels, 1726] John Gay [Beggar’s Opera, 1728] Alexander Pope [The Dunciad and poems] Bolingbroke and Pulteney [The Craftsman, 1726-36] John Arbuthnot, Henry Fielding, Richard Glover

Possible political positions [simplified] Whig Country suspicion of crown influence ‘independent’ against ‘corruption’ for toleration Court Dominate court positions under William III and the Hanoverians In favour of the fiscal-military state, commerce and empire Tory Country/opposition - High Anglican landed/anti-commerce ‘blue-water’ foreign policy Court - Only under Anne

Why have historians thought that the 1720s and 30s were an age of oligarchy? influence of the monarchy Jacobite rebellions destroy political reputation of the Tories Constitutional changes, e.g. the Septennial Act of 1716 Emergence of a prime minister to manage parliament → Sir Robert Walpole’s leadership

Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745)

Counter-arguments to notions of ‘Whig oligarchy’ Strength of Tories and Jacobites? Religious and party divides continue Walpole talented and respected ‘Corruption’ necessary form of government? Walpole’s government not immune to popular pressure.

Areas of ‘Country’ criticism government finance - National Debt growth of Civil List government venality - placemen Whig oligarchy - Septennial Act of 1716

Bolingbroke and Pulteney, The Craftsman, 17 August 1728 Such a general Corruption …is not merely so fantastical as one would at first imagine, by looking into the present Frame and Composition of that House… what else can be expected from such a venal, sordid Majority; for such they must be who willingly are led blindfold, to pursue the irregular Temper and Passions of some great Minister?”

Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726), part II, chapter 6 He fell next upon the Management of our Treasury…if what I told him were true, he was still at a Loss how a Kingdom could run out of its estate like a private Person. He asked me, who were our Creditors? And, where we found Money to pay them?... He wondered to hear me talk of such chargeable and extensive Wars; that, certainly we must be a quarrelsome People, or live among very bad Neighbours…

Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726), part II, chapter 6 Above all, he was amazed to hear me talk of a mercenary standing Army in the midst of Peace, and among a free People.

John Gay, The Beggar’s Opera, 1728 Peachum: In one respect indeed our Employment may be reckon’d dishonest, because, like great Statesmen, we encourage those who betray their Friends. Lockit: ‘When you censure the Age, Be cautious and Sage, Lest the Courtiers offended should be: If you mention Vice or Bribe, ‘Tis so pat to all the Tribe; Each cries – That was levell’d at me.’