AND ELEMENTS OF MACHINES UNIT 10 SIMPLE MACHINES AND ELEMENTS OF MACHINES TECNOLOGIA INDUSTRIAL 1 BATXILLERAT

Mechanical systems A machine is a system that is formed of one or more mechanical subsystems with moving parts, and sometimes by other subsystems (electrical, electronic, optical, etc.), and that is designed to carry out a given task normally concerned with carrying out work or transforming energy. A mechanism is a set of mechanical elements that carries out guiding and transmission functions related to the movements and forces within a machine. Statics: the analysis of aspects related to the equilibrium of applied forces. Kinematics: studies the equilibrium of applied forces. Dynamics: the analysis of forces and the consequent movements. Mechanics

Statics of machines (I) Equilibrium of a material point (particle) Newton's first law: when the sum of the forces acting on a body is zero, the body remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line. Equilibrium of a rigid solid A rigid solid is a body of a given mass in which the distance between any two points does not vary regardless of the applied forces. Moment of a force with respect to a point:

Statics of machines (II) Couple of forces Two forces of parallel but opposite direction, equidistant from a point O, generate a moment about the point O called a moment of a couple of forces (Γ) or simply couple. Free body diagram The free body diagram is a drawing of the body being studied isolated from the rest of the bodies with which it is in contact..

Simple machines (I) Lever Inclined plane A lever is a rigid bar that rests on a point of support or fulcrum. Lever rule: Inclined plane δ: rolling coefficient in m. F: force to be applied in the centre of the wheel in N. N: normal equivalent to the weight (Gr) of the wheel in N. rr: radius of the wheel in m.

Simple machines (II) Winch A winch consists of a horizontal cylinder whose ends rest on two pads. Two bars, in the form of handles, are attached to the ends of the cylinder, so that the cylinder can be turned, wrapping around it cord or cable from which is suspended a load. A differential winch is a variant of the winch with two concentric cylinders of different diameter so that, when a weight is being lifted, the larger cylinder rolls on the cord while the smaller cylinder rolls it off.

Simple machines (III) Differential pulleys Inclined plane A system of differential pulleys is a machine formed by three pulleys: two fixed and concentric, of different diameters and fixed on the same axis, and one mobile. Inclined plane

Simple machines (IV) Screw A thread or a screw is an inclined plane that runs up a cylindrical surface. Comparison between a screw and an inclined plane

Elements of machines (I) Fixings Rivet Riveting Riveting with a through rivet

Elements of machines (II) Forms of riveting Overlap joint Joint with cover plate Joint with two cover plates Bolted joints Nut, washer and bolt

Elements of machines (III) The thread Pitch. Handedness: right-handed, left-handed. Form: rounded thread, trapezoidal thread, etc. Characteristics of a thread Pitch Right-handed and left-handed threads Different thread geometries

Elements of machines (IV) Bolts, nuts and washers Bolts and nuts are used to join two parts in such a way that they can be assembled and disassembled. They must be standardised (ISO). A washer is a part, generally ring-shaped and made of mild steel, whose external diameter is greater than that of the nut by 2–3 mm. Types of bolts Graphical representation of a bolt, a nut and their coupling

Calculation of joints Simple joints Composite joints

Pins Pins are pieces, generally made of steel, that fit in hollows or grooves of a given geometry made in the axis and in the hole. Pins according to the type of force: Transversal pin Latch Extruded axis Longitudinal pins Tapered pin

Tension spring or traction spring Springs and elastic joints Any elements made of elastic material are called springs. Classification of springs: Tension spring or traction spring Torsion spring Leaf spring Compression spring Spiral spring

Types of rolling elements Bearings (I) A bearing is an intermediate element mounted between two parts of a mechanism that turn with respect to one another to ensure that the friction between them is minimal but at the same time ensuring that they remain joined. Parts of a bearing Types of rolling elements

Bearings (II) Types of bearings Rigid ball bearing Bearing with angular contact Cylindrical roller bearing Tapered roller bearing Needle bearing

Lubricants Types of bearing: A lubricant is a substance capable of reducing the friction that exists between the elements in contact with one another in a machine when the move with respect to one another. Reduces the friction between the moving parts. Acts as a coolant. Supports the aggression of possible contaminants that mix with the lubricant. Characteristics of a lubricant Hydrodynamic lubrication: consists of maintaining a film of lubricant between the parts so that these are effectively floating. With oils: is used when the temperature and the speed of the elements are high. With greases: is used in the maintenance of bearings. Mineral oils. Synthetic lubricants. Lubrication