Microprocessor & Assembly Language Phiros Mansur Nalakath Course Coordinator Jazan University

Chapter 2 Part - I Introduction to Computers & Microprocessors Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Objectives To understand:- Types of different Computers Evolution of Microprocessors Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Types of Computers Mainframe Super Computer Mini Computer Micro Computer Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Mainframe The largest and most powerful computer, designed to work at very high speed Large data words, typically 64 bits or greater They have massive amount of memory Used in military defense control, business data processing, computer graphic display. Example: IBM 4381 Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Super Computer Fastest and most powerful mainframes are called Super Computers Example: Cray Y-MP/ 832 Used by largest firms, government agencies and universities Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Mini Computer Scaled-down versions of mainframe Computer, runs slowly and works with smaller data word Does not have as much memory as mainframe Used in scientific research and industrial control Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Micro Computer Small computer CPU is usually a single microprocessor Example: Desk top, Lap top, Pam top Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Overview of Microcomputer Structure CPU I/O Ports Memory ROM RAM Input Device Output device Address Bus Data Bus Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Major Parts CPU Memory Input / Output Buses: Address bus Data bus Control bus Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Central Processing Unit It controls the operation of computer The CPU fetches binary-coded instructions from memory Decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions Carries out these actions in a sequence of steps Important components: IP, General purpose register and control bus signal generating circuits Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Memory It stores the binary codes for the sequences of instructions It stores binary coded data Example: ROM, RAM, magnetic / optical disks Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Input / Output They are used to take in data from outside world or send data to the outside world I/O devices are connected with microprocessor through I/O ports Example: Keyboards, video display terminals, printers, modems Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Address Bus It consists of 16, 20, 24, 32 or 36 parallel unidirectional signal lines On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the memory location or I/O port that is to be written to or read from The number of locations that the CPU can address is determined by the number of address lines Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Data Bus Data bus consists of 8, 16, 32 parallel bidirectional signal lines Many devices in the system will have their output connected to data bus, but only one device at a time will have its output enabled Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Control Bus The control bus consists of 4 to 10 parallel signal lines The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to enable the outputs of addressed memory devices or port devices Example of control signals: Memory read, Memory write Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Hardware The name given to the physical devices and circuitry of the computer. Example: Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse etc Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Hardware Examples Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Software Refers to the programs written for the computer Example: Operating System (WNDOWS) Application Programs (like WORD) Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Examples of Software Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Firmware The term given to the programs stored in ROMs or in other devices which permanently keep their stored information. Example: BIOS programs Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

What is a Microprocessor? Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC) which fetches (from memory), decodes and executes instructions. It is used as CPU (Central Processing Unit) in computers. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessor Evolution First Generation Between 1971 – 1973 PMOS technology, non compatible with TTL 4 bit processors  16 pins 8 and 16 bit processors  40 pins Due to limitations of pins, signals are multiplexed Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Second Generation During 1973 NMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher density, Compatible with TTL 4 / 8/ 16 bit processors  40 pins Ability to address large memory spaces and I/O ports Greater number of levels of subroutine nesting Better interrupt handling capabilities Intel 8085 (8 bit processor) Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Third Generation During 1978 HMOS technology  Faster speed, Higher packing density 16 bit processors  40/ 48/ 64 pins Easier to program Dynamically relatable programs Processor has multiply/ divide arithmetic hardware More powerful interrupt handling capabilities Flexible I/O port addressing Intel 8086 (16 bit processor Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Fourth Generation During 1980s Low power version of HMOS technology (HCMOS) 32 bit processors Physical memory space 224 bytes = 16 Mb Virtual memory space 240 bytes = 1 Tb Floating point hardware Supports increased number of addressing modes Intel 80386 Fifth Generation Pentium Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Classification of Microprocessor Microprocessors are classified according to the length of data handled by its ALU at a time Example: 4 – bit, 8 – bit, 16 – bit and 32 – bit microprocessor. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 4-Bit Microprocessor 4004: 4 bit microprocessor Able to address 4096 4 bit wide memory Instruction set contained only 45 instructions It was fabricated using a PMOS technology Instruction execution rate was 50 KIPs Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 8 Bit Microprocessor 8008: 8 bit microprocessor, 16 K bytes memory, 48 instructions. 8080: 500,000 IPS, 64 K bytes memory, 8085: In 1977, Intel Corporation introduced the last 8 bit microprocessor. Execution rate 769,230 per second. Main advantage was internal clock and higher clock frequency. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 16 Bit Microprocessor 8086/8088: 2.5 MIPs, 1 M byte memory 6 byte instruction cache or queue that prefetch a few instructions before execution 80286: 4 MIPs, 16 M byte memory Almost identical to 8086. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 32 bit microprocessors 80386 First 32 bit microprocessor. 32 bit data and 32 bit memory address. 4 G bytes memory It included hardware circuitry for memory management. 80486 8 K byte cache memory Half cycle instruction execution. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 64 bit microprocessors Pentium Data bus 64 bit 4 G byte memory 8 K byte data cache and 8 K byte instruction cache Multimedia execution instructions or MMX Dual integer processors The Pentium simultaneously executes two independent instructions using superscalar technology Floating point processor processes floating point data Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Pentium Pro 21 million transistors, 3 integer units, one floating point unit 16 K byte level 1 cache (8 K byte for data and 8 K byte for instructions) and 256 K level 2 caches 3 execution engines can be configured for 64 G byte memory and it is used with Windows NT operating system for server applications. Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Microprocessor data Bit: smallest unit of information It represents either 1 or 0 Byte: 8 – bits of data Word: Data that is handled by a microprocessor at a time Ex: 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit word Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Reference Books 1. Douglas V. Hall, “Microprocessors and Interfacing ” 2. Barry B. Brey, “The Intel Microprocessors” Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2

Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2 Thank You… Microprocessors & Assembly Language - Chapter 2