BRAZIL The Struggle for Unity, Economic Modernization and Upward International Mobility: 1823 - 1964

Regions of Brazil

REGIONS I The heartland The south (15% population, 17% GDP, 7% area) (Southeast - 42% population, 60%GDP, 11% area) The south (15% population, 17% GDP, 7% area) The center-west ( 8% population, 6% GDP, 25% area)

Regions of Brazil

REGIONS II the north (6% population, 3% GDP, 40% area) the northeast (29% population, 13% GDP 18% area)

PEOPLE Amerindians Portuguese African-Brazilians Japanese Other Europeans Spanish Germans Italians

Road to INDEPENDENCE (1808 – 1824) Portuguese Court taken by British fleet to Rio de Janeiro Centralization under Joao VI End of the Napoleonic Wars British aid Brazilian Independence

Empire (1824-1889) Primacy of British Economic Influence Plantation Economy Coffee Cacao Sugar Issue of Slavery French Orientation of Royal Court Conspiracy of the Fazenderos  

First Republic 1889-1930 Decentralization The Coffee Economy Shift to São Paulo Reinvestment of profits from coffee Dominant States São Paulo Minas Gerias Rio Grande do Sul

Rise of Getúlio Vargas The revolution of 1930 São Paulo revolt (1932-37) O Estado Novo (1937-45) Supression of embryonic democracy Fascism “light” Vargas becomes ally of the United States U. S. troops use Natal as jumping off point to battle Rommel in North Africa Brazil offers to send a division to fight along side of the United States

Brazilian Military in WW II Saw Combat in Italy After initial defeat performed well Military valued its experience fighting by side of the U.S.

Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas Returning military blames lack of preparation on Vargas FEB overthrows O Estado Novo Brazilian President Truman does nothing to “save” the Vargas government Beginning of alienation between United States and the Brazilian left

Second Republic: Democracy Frustrated (1946-1964) Constitution of 1946 Modeled on U.S. constitution Structure so as not to threaten the large land owners of the Northeast Political Parties UND PSD PTB Regional - local parties

Second Republic: Democracy Frustrated (1946-1964) Governments Vargas: “The Last Hurrah” (1951-54) Vargas wins as candidate of PTB Military officer corps remains suspicious Efforts to advance social revolution frightens the middle class

BRASILIA

Mercurial Janio Quadros Reform governor of São Paulo First UDN presidential victory Resignation frustrates the military and weakens the democratic regime

Mercurial Janio Quadros Reform governor of São Paulo First UDN presidential victory Resignation frustrates the military and weakens the democratic regime

End of the Second Republic Pressures for Military Intervention Conflictual social polarization Middle class fears of workers Attempt to divide the military along officer – enlisted lines Role of the United States government

Coup of March 31/April 1, 1964 Humberto Castelo Branco assumes power Military demobilizes potential opponents President Goulart flees to Uruguay Key elected officials of PTB removed from office “Demobilization” portrayed as temporary