Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay Nuclear Reactions Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

SPS3. Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity. a. Differentiate among alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation. b. Differentiate between fission and fusion. c. Explain the process half-life as related to radioactive decay. d. Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems.

The Atom The atom consists of two parts: 1. The nucleus which contains: protons neutrons 2. Orbiting electrons.

The Atom (Review) All matter is made up of elements (e.g. carbon, hydrogen, etc.). The smallest part of an element is called an atom. Atom of different elements contain different numbers of protons. The mass of an atom is almost entirely due to the number of protons and neutrons.

X A Z Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons Element symbol Z Atomic number = number of protons

X A Z A = number of protons + number of neutrons Z = number of protons A – Z = number of neutrons Number of neutrons = Mass Number – Atomic Number

U U 235 92 238 92 There are many types of uranium: A Z Number of protons Number of neutrons A Z Number of protons Number of neutrons

U U 235 92 238 92 There are many types of uranium: A 235 Z 92 Number of protons Number of neutrons 143 A 238 Z 92 Number of protons Number of neutrons 146 Isotopes of any particular element contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Most of the isotopes which occur naturally are stable. A few naturally occurring isotopes and all of the man-made isotopes are unstable. Unstable isotopes can become stable by releasing different types of particles. This process is called radioactive decay and the elements which undergo this process are called radioisotopes/radionuclides.

Radioactive Decay Radioactive decay results in the emission of either: an alpha particle (a), a beta particle (b), or a gamma ray(g).

Alpha Decay An alpha particle is identical to that of a helium nucleus. It contains two protons and two neutrons.

X Y + He Alpha Decay A Z A - 4 Z - 2 4 2 unstable atom alpha particle more stable atom

Alpha Decay Rn 222 86 He 4 2 Ra 226 88

Alpha Decay X A Z Y A - 4 Z - 2 + He 4 2 Ra 226 88 Rn 222 86 + He 4 2

Alpha Decay Rn 222 86 + Y A Z He 4 2 Rn 222 86 He 4 2 + Po 218 84

Alpha Decay X A Z + Th 230 90 He 4 2 He 4 2 U 234 92 + Th 230 90

Alpha Decay Th 230 90 + Y A Z He 4 2 He 4 2 + Ra 226 88 Th 230 90

Alpha Decay X A Z + Pb 214 82 He 4 2 He 4 2 + Pb 214 82 Po 218 84

Beta Decay A beta particle is a fast moving electron which is emitted from the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay. Beta decay occurs when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron.

Beta Decay As a result of beta decay, the nucleus has one less neutron, but one extra proton. The atomic number, Z, increases by 1 and the mass number, A, stays the same.

Beta Decay b -1 At 218 85 Po 218 84

Beta Decay X A Z Y Z + 1 + b -1 Po 218 84 Rn 85 + b -1

Beta Decay Th 234 90 Y A Z + b -1 Th 234 90 Pa 91 + b -1

Beta Decay X A Z Pb 210 82 + b -1 Tl 210 81 Pb 82 + b -1

Beta Decay Bi 210 83 Y A Z + b -1 Bi 210 83 Po 84 + b -1

Beta Decay X A Z Bi 214 83 + b -1 Pb 214 82 Bi 83 + b -1

Positron decay is like a mirror image of beta decay Positron decay is like a mirror image of beta decay. These points present a simplified view of what positron decay actually is: 1) Something inside the nucleus of an atom breaks down, which causes a proton to become a neutron. 2) It emits a positron and a neutrino which go zooming off into space. 3) The atomic number goes DOWN by one and mass number remains unchanged.

Electron capture is not like any other decay - alpha, beta, or position. All other decays shoot something out of the nucleus. In electron capture, something ENTERS the nucleus. These points present a simplified view of what electron capture is: 1) An electron from the closest energy level falls into the nucleus, which causes a proton to become a neutron. 2) A neutrino is emitted from the nucleus. 3) Another electron falls into the empty energy level and so on causing a cascade of electrons falling. One free electron, moving about in space, falls into the outermost empty level. (Incidently, this cascade of electrons falling creates a characteristic cascade of lines, mostly (I think) in the X-ray portion of the spectrum. This is the fingerprint of electron capture.) 4) The atomic number goes DOWN by one and mass number remains unchanged.

Gamma Decay Gamma rays are not charged particles like a and b particles. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with high frequency. When atoms decay by emitting a or b particles to form a new atom, the nuclei of the new atom formed may still have too much energy to be completely stable. This excess energy is emitted as gamma rays (gamma ray photons have energies of ~ 1 x 10-12 J).