Topic: “…an imagined…community” Aim: To what extent have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities? Do Now: Take 2 minutes (I’ll time you), and write down everyone who you know at this school (first names only is fine). List as many as you can. When you are finished count the names and record the number. 1

You will never know most of the people in this building, but you think of yourself as sharing something with them- the fact that you are all SHS students You think of yourself as SHS students because you share the same physical space, outside of which is no longer considered SHS You think of yourself as a SHS student because this school is independent from other schools Essentially, your allegiance to SHS mirrors Anderson’s thesis on the modern nation-state….how??? 2

“…of the nation…it is an imagined political community- and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign.” Benedict Anderson “It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion” “The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them, encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries, beyond which lie other nations.” “It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm” 3

Key Terms: Nation: group of people with same cultural background- same as a cultural group- State: distinct area organized into an, sovereign political unit and ruled by an established government with control over internal and foreign affairs, economic activity, and public services (state=country) Nation-state: a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

STATES: NATIONS: Space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries -people who live there on an ongoing basis. Economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money. Has a government which provides public services (transportation) and police power. Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the country's territory. Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people, larger than a single tribe or community, which share a common language, institutions, religion, and historical experience. There are some States which have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. There are nations without States. For example, the Kurds, Palestinians, and gypsies are stateless people. 5

The Nation-State: Ethnicities desire for self-determination throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries led to the political boundaries of Earth becoming a series of nation-states. Places like France, Egypt, Germany, and Japan are excellent examples of nation-states. There are some states which have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Even with its multicultural society, the United States is also referred to as a nation-state because of the shared American "culture." Most of Western Europe was a collection of nation-states by 1900 6

Denmark as a Nation-State: Territory occupied by Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of Denmark Nearly all the world’s speakers of Danish live in Denmark Nearly all Danes speak Danish However, some German speakers on the border of Germany

However, Denmark also controls Faeroe Islands, where people speak Faeroese, as well as Greenland, where most people are Inuit

“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” Napoleon: Under Napoleon, people in France fought for the principles of the nation of France for the first time. Before they had fought wars out of loyalty to the king. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” Under Napoleon, people in France fought for the principles of the nation of France for the first time. Before they had fought wars out of loyalty to the king.

If Czechs, Slovaks, Germans came to U. S If Czechs, Slovaks, Germans came to U.S. before this (for Germany before 1880 or so) they wouldn’t feel loyalty to a country because countries didn’t exist; they would identify with others of the same ethnicity If Czechs, Slovaks, Germans came to U.S. before this (for Germany before 1880 or so) there wouldn’t feel loyalty to a country because countries didn’t exist; they would identify with others of the same ethnicity

Rise of Nationalities: Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to a nationality Mass media helps foster this Promotes symbols of the nation-state (flags and songs) Acts as a centripetal force because it unifies people and enhances support for a state Acts as a centrifugal force because people often identify more with an ethnicity than a nationality

Negative Impacts of Nationalism: Sense of national unity sometimes achieved through negative images of other nations Extreme forms include chauvinism, jingoism, Nazism, and others 12

Centripetal or Centrifugal?

Centripetal or Centrifugal?:

Multi-ethnic & Multinational States: Multi-ethnic state: contains more than one ethnicity, but has one nationality (e.g. Belgium) Multi-national state: contains two or more nationalities with traditions of self-determination (e.g. United Kingdom, Soviet Union) Relationships between nationalities vary.

England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland Great Britain: England, Scotland, Wales The term “Great Britain” originated on Oct. 20, 1604 when James I took throne. Instead of saying “King of England and Scotland” he referred to himself as “King of Great Britain.” Scotland and Wales have separately elected governments; each have their own soccer and rugby team

The Soviet Union: Had been divided into 15 republics (now individual countries) Three Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Three European: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine Five Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Three Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia Russia

New Baltic Nation-States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are known as Baltic states due to their location on the Baltic Sea Lithuania most closely fits the definition of a nation-state because ethnic Lithuanians comprise 83% of population Three countries have clear cultural and historic differences. Most Estonians are Protestant, most Lithuanians are Roman Catholics, and Latvians are predominantly Lutherans. These 3 groups also speak differing languages. 18

Within Soviet Union there were people of different religions, languages, language families, traditions, etc. Very hard to be one country

Russia Today: Largest multi-national state 39 nationalities Can be problematic when groups want to separate (e.g. Chechens, group of Sunni Muslims, in Chechnya)

New Central Asian States: 53% Kazakhs (Muslim, Altaic language) 30% Russian (Eastern Orthodox Christian, Indo-European language) 85% Turkmen 4% Russian Stability not only depends on different ethnic groups, but also how different the ethnic groups. Different religions and unrelated languages add to the conflict. Civil war among Tajik people in Tajikistan. 65% Kyrgyz 14% Uzbek 13% Russian 79% Tajik 15% Uzbek 80% Uzbek 6% Russian

Turmoil in Caucasus: Azeris are split between Azerbaijan and Iran TURKEY IRAN IRAQ SYRIA Azeris are split between Azerbaijan and Iran