Makroekonomika i ekonomska statistika

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Presentation transcript:

Makroekonomika i ekonomska statistika

Makroekonomika Makroekonomika se bavi proučavanjem funkcioniranja privrede kao cjeline; posebno je od interesa Gospodarski rast/proizvodnja Zaposlenost Cijene Razmjena sa svijetom Čimbenici koji se proučavaju su agregirani (npr država, kućanstva ili poslovni sektor) (agregirani znači da je to skup ekonomskih jedinki - npr sva kućanstva - koje su shvaćene kao jedna jedinka). Koristeći agregiranost makroekonomika daje opći pogled na strukturu ekonomije i odnose među glavnim agregatima

Makroekonomika Tri glavna faktora koja treba uzeti u obzir u upravljanju ekonomijom jedne zemlje su: Interni faktori Nezaposlenost Inflacija Vanjski faktori Bilanca plaćanja i tečaj Ovi faktori će reflektirati opću razinu ekonomske aktivnosti, na koju država može utjecati kroz: fiskalnu politiku (porezi i državna potrošnja) monetarnu politiku (kamatna stopa i kontrola nad količinom novca u opticaju)

Ciljevi i instrumenti makroekonomike Proizvodnja Visok nivo Brza stopa rasta Zaposlenost Visok nivo zaposlenosti Niska nedobrovoljna nezaposlenost Stabilan nivo cijena na slobodnim tržištima Trgovačka politika Međunarodna razmjena Ravnoteža izvoza i uvoza Stabilan devizni tečaj Fiskalna politika Državna potrošnja Oporezivanje Monetarna politika Kontrola novčane ponude djeluje na kamatnjak Ekonomski odnosi sa inozemstvom Tečaj Politika dohotka Od smjernica do striktne kontrole Dobrovoljno ograničavanje plaća Kamatnjak je cijena novca. Kamata je izvršena isplata za upotrebu novca. Kamatnjak je svota kamata plaćenih na jedinicu vremena. Ljudi plaćaju za mogućnost pozajmljivanja novca. Kamatnjak je trošak posuđivanja novca, uzimanja novca u zajam, mjeren dolarima na posuđeni dolar (dolar uzet u zajam godinu dana). Kamatnjaci se razlikuju po karakteristikama zajma - rok, dospijeće, rizik, likvidnost, adminstrativni troškovi. Rastući trend kamatnjaka znak je oskudne likvidnosti, a trend padajućeg kamatnjaka viška ponude kratkoročnih novčanih sredstava nad potražnjom.

Ekonomska statistika: vrste podataka Statistički podaci o ekonomskoj aktivnosti Statistički podaci o nezaposlenosti Statistički podaci o inflaciji Bilanca plaćanja i tečaj Ostali statistički podaci

Statistički podaci o ekonomskoj aktivnosti (1) 1. Tromjesečni nacionalni računi BDP (GDP) bruto domaći proizvod BNP bruto nacionalni proizvod (GNP) 2. Podaci o minuloj ekonomskoj aktivnosti 3. Mjere buduće ekonomske aktivnosti

Što je indeks? Indeks izražava promjenu u odnosu na neku fiksiranu vrijednost Indeks ne ovisi o mjernim jedinicama nego samo o međusobnim odnosima Primjer: srebro i bakar

Statistički podaci o ekonomskoj aktivnosti (2) Podaci o minuloj ekonomskoj aktivnosti Potrošnja potrošača (consumer spending) Potrošnja na trajna dobra Potrošnja na ne-trajna dobra Trošak za fiksne investicije (fixed investment expenditure) Kupovina strojeva i postrojenja za proizvodnu industriju Zalihe (stocks) (zalihe sirovina, polu-gotovih i gotovih proizvoda koje postoje kod proizvođača i trgovaca) Industrijska proizvodnja (industrial production) Index koji pokazuje realnu vrijednost industrijskog i proizvodnog outputa Mjesečni indeks cijena potrošačkih dobara (monthly index of retail sales)

Industrijska proizvodnja

Index potrošačkih cijena

Statistički podaci o ekonomskoj aktivnosti (3) Mjere buduće ekonomske aktivnosti (forward looking measures of economic activity) Baziraju se na očekivanjima buduće ekonomske aktivnosti (npr. u Velikoj Britaniji postoje 2 ankete: The CBI industrial Trends Survey i The CBI Distributive Trends Survey) Različite organizacije i institucije imaju svoje indikatore budućih ekonomskih kretanja (Ekonomski institut, Zagreb – Croatian Economic Outlook)

Prognostički indeks Ekonomskog instituta Zagreb

Statistički podaci o nezaposlenosti Dva izvora: Broj nezaposlenih (državna evidencija) Stvarni Sezonski prilagođen Anketa kućanstava u kojoj se ljude pita da li trenutno traže posao Ova dva izvora se kombiniraju

Nominalne i stvarne cijene Kolika je stvarna cijena nekog dobra? Koliko se zaista mijenjaju plaće tokom vremena?

Što je inflacija? Promjena u razini cijena od jedne do druge godine zovemo stopa inflacije Inflaciju mjerimo indeksom cijena potrošačkih dobara Deflacija Hiperinflacija

Statistički podaci o inflaciji (1) Indeks cijena potrošačkih dobara (Consumer Prices Index (CPI) ili Retail Price Index (RPI)) Odnosi se na cijene kroz nekoliko dana sredinom prethodnog mjeseca. Obično se izvještava o postotku promjene indeksa u proteklih 12 mjeseci Indeks se računa kao težinski prosjek indeksa cijena za veliki broj dobara i usluga koje kupuju kućanstva (uključena su dobra kupljena u trgovini i usluge kupljene od kuće) Težinski faktori korišteni u izgradnji indeksa su u proporciji s utroškom tipičnog kućanstva (periodički se obnavljaju) A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. A consumer price index measures a price change for a constant market basket of goods and services from one period to the next within the same area (city, region, or nation).[1] It is a price index determined by measuring the price of a standard group of goods meant to represent the typical market basket of a typical urban consumer In the United Kingdom, the Retail Prices Index or Retail Price Index[1] (RPI) is a measure of inflation published monthly by the Office for National Statistics. It measures the change in the cost of a basket of retail goods and services.

Inflacija

Statistički podaci o inflaciji (2) Indeks cijena proizvođača (producer price index) Cijene inputa i outputa Nacionalni index prosječne zarade (national average earnings index) Mjesečno objavljuje država Indeks se konstruira na osnovu uzorka tvrtki i težinskih faktora

Izvor:DZS

Bilanca plaćanja i tečaj Objavljuje se mjesečno Tečaj i rezerve stranih valuta Indeks tečaja objavljuje HNB Mjeri vrijednost kune prema košarici ostalih valuta Pri izračunu indeksa se koriste težinski faktori koji reflektiraju važnost valuta za izvoz i uvoz Bilanca plaćanja je usustavljen iskaz vrijednosti svih međunarodnih transakcija jedne zemlje u određenom razdoblju izražen u valuti neke zemlje.

Ostali statistički podaci Deficit (Public sector borrowing requirement) Količina novca u opticaju Institutional cashflow Novac koji država daje za mirovine, osiguranja, itd. Financijska tržišta

FOB is an abbreviation for Free On Board. The term FOB (often seen as f.o.b.) is commonly used when shipping goods, to indicate who pays loading and transportation costs, and/or the point at which the responsibility of the goods transfers from shipper to buyer. FOB shipping is the term used when the ownership/liability of goods passes from the seller to the buyer at the time the goods cross the shipping point to be delivered. FOB destination designates that the seller is responsible for the goods until the buyer takes possession.  I will explain FOB terms of delivery with a simple example. You are a Machinary seller situated near Mumbai, India. The buyer is situated in a place near New York. You are the seller of goods and you have contracted with the buyer and agreed to sell the goods on FOB, Mumbai price of USD 5300. Here the selling cost of goods is USD 5300 FOB Mumbai. So the seller meets all the expenses to carry the goods to Mumbai port and meet all expenses including customs clearance in Mumbai to get the goods on board to Airlines or On Board to Ship Cost, Insurance, and Freight. The quoted price includes delivery to the FOB point including the cost of insurance on the goods. I will explain CIF terms of delivery with a simple example. You are a Machinery seller situated in Mumbai, India. The buyer is situated in New York. You are the seller of goods and you have contracted with the buyer and agreed to sell the goods on CIF New York price of USD 5750. Here the selling cost of goods is USD 5750 CIF New York. You (the seller) arrange to carry the goods to Mumbai port and meet all expenses including customs clearance in Mumbai and pays the ocean freight or airfreight up to New York, by appointing a shipping line or airlines. In other words, all delivery expenses up to New York is borne by the seller. Apart from the same, under CIF terms of delivery, Insurance of goods also must be arranged by you as a seller. Once reached the cargo in New York, the buyer takes delivery of cargo after customs clearance at his own cost after paying duties or tax if any.