Apartheid Source: United Nations AP Human Geography AP Human Geography Cultural Patterns and Processes Unit Source: United Nations
Segregated Beaches
Passbooks
Police in Sharville, South Africa spray tear gas on fleeing protesters to disperse township residents who stormed the police station after police blocked a trade union march, March 26, 1990 (AP/Wide World Photos).
The Townships/ Reserves White schools received ten times more money than black schools. Houses in Soweto, a black township.
Children of Soweto, a Black township ten miles away from Johannesburg, in 1982. The Zulu word amandla scrawled on the wall means “power“, the rallying call in the struggle for Black rights. Segregated restrooms
Township inhabitants were forced to move to identically numbered houses in "resettlement" villages in their designated "homelands." Millions of black South Africans were forcibly "resettled" in this way.
Segregated Beaches
Passbooks
Police in Sharville, South Africa spray tear gas on fleeing protesters to disperse township residents who stormed the police station after police blocked a trade union march, March 26, 1990 (AP/Wide World Photos).
The Townships/ Reserves White schools received ten times more money than black schools. Houses in Soweto, a black township.
Children of Soweto, a Black township ten miles away from Johannesburg, in 1982. The Zulu word amandla scrawled on the wall means “power“, the rallying call in the struggle for Black rights. Segregated restrooms
Township inhabitants were forced to move to identically numbered houses in "resettlement" villages in their designated "homelands." Millions of black South Africans were forcibly "resettled" in this way.
The day commemorates the anniversary of the March 21, 1960, Sharpeville massacre. Hundreds were injured and 69 killed during a peaceful protest against passbooks. Mourners at a funeral ceremony for those killed by South African police on 1985's International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
“... the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.” Steven Biko, leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, was beaten to death by his guards in a Pretoria prison in 1977.
Bishop Desmond Tutu traveled the world to ask for help fighting apartheid. In 1984 he became South Africa’s second black Nobel Peace laureate. He once more used the increased exposure to push for sanctions. South Africa’s first Nobel peace laureate, 1961 winner Albert Luthuli – former ANC president, had been restricted to his remote Zululand village immediately on his return from Norway.
De Klerk released Mandela from prison in 1990. Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their peaceful end to apartheid.
Sanctions South Africa was shunned by other countries for apartheid. Many countries refused to trade with South Africa (embargo), and they were not allowed to participate in the Olympics until apartheid ended. In a secret cable released to the Archive in 1991, Secretary of State Kissinger directs the ambassador to relay U.S. intentions regarding the U.N. vote on sanctions in South Africa.
ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID "The apartheid policy violates the fundamental principles of the Olympic Charter, which governs the entire Olympic Movement and it cannot be tolerated in any form whatsoever." Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1988. President of the IOC from 1980 to 2001 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) encourages equality in sport and has intervened several times to fight against apartheid: - 15 May 1970: the IOC expels the South African Olympic Committee. - 21 June 1988: conference against apartheid in sport held in Lausanne. - 1988: "Apartheid and Olympism" Commission established. - 9 July 1991: NOCSA fully recognized by the IOC. - 22 May 1992: visit of Nelson Mandela to the IOC headquarters in Lausanne. - 1992: a multi-racial South African delegation participates in the Games of the XXV Olympiad in Barcelona.
Nelson Mandela, President of the African National Congress (ANC), casting the ballot in his country's first all-race elections, in April 1994.
Mandela’s Inauguration "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come. The time to build is upon us..., we enter into a covenant that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity - a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world."
Current president, Thabo Mbeki, faces major challenges such as extreme poverty, widespread violence and AIDS.