Deoxyribonucleic Acid L. More Olympian high School Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA

Connection: Macromolecules Carbohydrates C1H2O Monosaccharides Lipids CH>>O Glycerol & Fatty Acids Protein CHO N Amino Acids Nucleic Acids CHO N P Nucleotides Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous Base Nucleotide

Respiration Photosynthesis Genetic Inheritance L. More Olympian high School Both Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own DNA, leading Evolutionary Biologists to the conclusion that these organelles were once their own separate entities. Respiration Krebs Cycle in matrix breaks down carbohydrate Cristae membrane = a lot of ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---- 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Photosynthesis Thylakoid membranes - have Chlorophyll and make ATP Calvin Cycle produces carbohydrate (sugar) in stroma 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ---- C6H12O6 + 6O2 Genetic Inheritance DNA genetic “blue print” - instructions on being you! RNA and Protein

1 3 2 DNA Chromosome DNA L. More Olympian high School Nucleotide Phosphate Sugar Chromosome Nitrogenous Base DNA Central Histone (protein) Nucleosome DNA double helix Spacer Histone (protein)

DNA } } A double helix molecule shaped like a twisted ladder The building blocks of DNA (and RNA) are nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of repeating units of: 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar (deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogenous base • Adenine • Guanine • Thymine • Cytosine 1 hexagon ring + 1 pentagon ring } purines } 1 hexagon ring pyrimidines The “backbone”of DNA is the phosphate/sugar chain Blueprint of life (instructions for making an organism) “All Girls are Pure” - Adenine & Guanine are purines “Cut The Pie” - Cytosine & Thymine are py…rimidines Established by James Watson and Francis Crick Photo 51 - Rosalind Franklin

Double Helix DNA Structure P S Nucleotide: S P P = phosphate S = sugar (deoxyribose) Bases: Hydrogen Bond: Chargaff Base-Pair Rule: Adenine = Thymine Cytosine = Guanine

DNA Label the DNA strand

Check for Understanding Who established DNA? What does DNA stand for? Why is DNA important? What’s the name given to the DNA shape? What is the double helix compared to? What three things make up a nucleotide? What are the four bases: A, G, T, C ? What is the Chargaff base-pair rule? How many hydrogen bonds between A-T? C-G? What type of bond hold the base pairs together? Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell? What is the segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein called? What would the complementary base be: A T G C C C T G A A T T A C G G G A C T T A A C G T G T A C

Build your Template Strand Top 5’ 1. Color the Template pieces? 2. Label (Front: P;S; A,T,C,G) 3. Cut out? 4. Build the coding strand C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C Top 5’ C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C Bottom 3’ Bottom 3’ Reminder: Build from 5’ to 3’ (from Top to Bottom)

Build your Template Strand Top 5’ This is my 1st of 12 nucleotides 4 2 1 5 3 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base P S C 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base P C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C S T P 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base S A P 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base S C Bottom 3’

On the back of your strand write: Finish your Template Strand On the back of your strand write: 5’ TEMPLATE STRAND 3’ Your Name and Period

Build your Complementary Nucleotides Top 5’ * Elmers Glue = Covalent Bonds Phosphodiester bonds Scotch Tape = Hydrogen Bonds 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base C T S A P P S G 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base P C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C S T T P S 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base P S A Bottom 3’

Build your Original Complementary Strand Top 5’ Antiparallel direction of the sugars building as 5’ to 3’ Elmers Glue = Covalent Bonds Phosphodiester bonds Scotch Tape = Hydrogen Bonds 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base C T P S A 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base C – T – A – C – T – T – G – A – C – A – T – C 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base Nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Base Bottom 3’

Build your complementary strand On the back of this strand write: 5’ Original COMPLEMENTARY STRAND 3’ Your Name and Period

DNA Replication What: Replication is where DNA makes an exact copy of itself Where: In the nucleus of the cell When: Right before a cell divides (before mitosis or meiosis) Why: Cells divide to repair, replace, growth and every new cell needs a copy of the DNA or instructions to know how to be a cell. How: The double helix “unzips” with a protein enzyme called Helicase and the single strands becomes a template to build the complementary new strands using DNA polymerase and are “tied” together using ligase. Want to make DNA? Use an enzyme (ase) to attach “many” - poly Pieces of DNA. And call it: DNA Polymerase!

Replication DNA replication is considered semi-conservative Original New Original Strands New Nucleotides DNA replication is considered semi-conservative Because each daughter molecule, consists of one original strand and one new DNA strand, is an exact complement of the parent molecule.

Check for Understanding What is replication? Where does replication occur? What molecule is being replicated? Why does replication occur? What is the result of replication? How does replication occur? What enzyme unzips DNA? Where does the unzipping occur? Between --- What enzyme is used to build the complementary strands? Each molecule now has an ___ strand and a ___ strand. What is the called? Why is semi-conservative important? What is this called? How many copies will you have after replication? A T G C C C T G A A T T A C G G G A C T T A

Label the following parts on this diagram: a. original strand b. new strand c. circle a nucleotide what makes up a nucleotide? _______, _________, & ______ d. point to the location of a sugar e. point to the location a phosphate f. point to the location of one base Answer the following questions: a. What is this process where DNA makes a copy of itself called? _____________ b. Why is this process considered to be semi-conservative? Because ________ _______________________________ c. What base pairs does DNA have? ______________ and ____________ d. What type of bonds hold the bases together? _______________

Replicate your Original Strands Helicase unzips DNA molecules by breaking the hydrogen bonds holding the nitrogenous bases together. Use helicase (scissors) to unzip your original 12 base pair DNA Molecule by cutting through the hydrogen bonds (scotch tape) S

Replicate your Original Strands 1 2 3 4 5 DNA Polymerase Ligase DNA Polymerase Ligase Antiparallel direction of the sugars building from 5’ to 3’

Replicate your original Template Strand AND Replicate your Complementary Strand On the back of both of these new strands write: “New Strand”