SECURING THE PEACE BY OUTSIDE FORCE Humanitarian intervention is: “Coercive action by one or more states in another state without the consent of its authorities in order to prevent widespread suffering or death of civilians” The UN on peacekeeping: Consent is a basic principle under which the UN operates. If there is no consent of the parties to the conflict, then there is no peace to keep and therefore no value of having a UN peacekeeping mission.

WHEN IS HI ALLOWED? WHAT REFORMS ARE BEING CONSIDERED? What constitutes the common good? Force in the face of genocide In order to project either regional or intl. security (requires approval of the sec. council) What reforms are on the reform table right now: Should force be used to enforce a “right to stay” or to end mass violence and/or “ethnic cleansing”? Is intervention OK if mixed motives are in play?: Iraq Should intervention be mandatory under some circumstances? How much force can be used? Against whom can it be directed?

WHY DO MANY SCHOLARS & POLITICIANS ARGUE FOR AN END TO HI? Why does the world protect “sovereignty” in the first place? Is a bright line best? Neo-imperialism and double standards (esp. on Sec. Council) Efficacy: The lack of a long-term/full commitment frequently leads to civil war & nationalism (Bosnia, Kosovo, Haiti, Somalia & Iraq)

QUESTIONS OF IMPLEMENTING HI How serious of a violation to justify violating sovereignty? Apriori proof of “just cause” Should we have a set of covering laws? Should all states be subject to the same set of standards and laws? (Security impt, democracy, spheres of influence, great powers) Protect principles with force at any cost? Is force only as a last resort and must it be used proportionally? Should cost/benefit ratios be applied? Do human rights enforcers assume the consequences of their invasion?

PEACEKEEPING Why have peacekeeping? What do they do?: The four big picture goals: Conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement What happens on the ground: Troops buffer, negotiate, give humanitarian assistance, and provide basic services, including establishing law, order, and basic political institutions The basic rules: Peacekeepers must be welcomed, impartial and beneficial to all parties, UN sanctioned, and agree no force outside of the mandate and self-defense. The UN is the main actor: 18 actions ’48-’91; 36 in ‘90s. Presently: 67 th. troops, 18 missions Africa: 8 (inc. Ethiopia, Sudan, Liberia, Burundi) Europe: Kosovo, Georgia, & Cyprus Mid. East: Golan Heights, Lebanon, Mid. East as a whole Who can peacekeepers actually protect with force?: UN personnel & now civilians in “immediate vicinity”

WHEN DOES PEACEKEEPING WORK? The Brahami Report (2000): Haiti, Kosovo, & Srebrenica Adequate resources, trained personnel, clear rules of engagement, and unity and autonomy in ground-level command. Cease fire must already be in place Mission must be multi-dimensional and long-term: Not just about military issues Sides must be prepared to accept process: Ripeness Internal unity must be there to close deals Rough parity of sides helps Human rights atrocities matter; fear of retribution Very strong, or weak leadership on the ground Assured neutrality and open communication for peacekeepers Successful first steps Hegemons & regions are actively engaged & pressuring Commitment by peacekeepers to stay the course