Ch. 8 – Nationalism and Economy American Pageant, Chs.

The Era of Good Feelings (1816-1825)

The Era of Good Feelings After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” characterized by: An extremely popular president The emergence of a 2nd generation of U.S. leaders Dominance by the Republicans A surge in nationalism that united the country & improved U.S. industry & transportation

Monroe as President James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals: To promote national unity To promote America’s power in the world Republican dominance of the presidency & Congress helped push through a series of new laws He appointed Democrats, Federalists, Southerners, Northerners to his cabinet; including Sec of State John Q Adams

The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a wave of new leaders shaped the antebellum era: Henry Clay (Republican, KY) : Represented the “West” Speaker of the House Proponent of national economic development (“American System" to promote industry & markets for farmers)

The Great Triumvirate By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era: John C. Calhoun (Republican, SC): Represented the “South” Sec of War; VP He was the nation's leading proponent of states' rights (he embraced nullification)

The Great Triumvirate Daniel Webster (Whig, MA): By 1816, a new wave of leaders shaped the antebellum era: Daniel Webster (Whig, MA): Represented the “North” Congressman; Sec of State Strong proponent of nationalism & strong critic of states' rights While they did not always agree, this “Great Triumvirate” of Clay, Calhoun, & Webster enthusiastically supported national economic development

Politics After the War of 1812 Who else are you going to vote for? The Dem-Repubs traditionally represented limited gov’t, states' rights, & strict construction But, without Federalist opposition, the Dem-Repubs adopted many traditionally Federalist policies: National economic development A permanent army Transportation improvements A national university in D.C.

Henry Clay’s American System All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Republicans in the 1790s 1st significant protective tariff in U.S. history Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811 Henry Clay’s American System in 1816 proposed the creation of: The 2nd Bank of the U.S. to stabilize U.S. currency Tariff of 1816 to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods A nat’l system of roads & canals The “American System” helped unify North, South, & West Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal

Judicial Nationalism John Marshall (1801-1835) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t: Exerted the power of the national gov’t over the states Rejected the claim that states could check powers of the national gov’ t Affirmed the loose construction argument of the elastic clause

Judicial Nationalism Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t Each case is hyperlinked to http://tourolaw.edu/PATCH/CaseSummary.asp to an overview of the case

Nationalist Foreign Policy President Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda The Convention of 1818 set the US/Canada border set at the 49º Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817): to avoid conflicts along the Great Lakes, the U.S. agreed not to take Canada & Britain not to invade the U.S

Nationalist Foreign Policy Monroe & JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Florida: Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida Jackson’s military advances & U.S. success in the War of 1812 helped force the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U.S. Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed U.S. agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Nationalist Foreign Policy The U.S. will protect Latin American independence When Latin American nations revolted against Spain, the U.S. supported the new republics: European powers disliked these liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & the U.S. will not interfere in Europe The U.S. will act independently & will protect its sphere of influence

Sectionalism in the Era of Good Feelings

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi The end of the War of 1812 unleashed a rush of pioneers into the western territories Many settled in the West to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, & worn-out soil in the East The 2nd BUS made credit available for farmers to purchase land

Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi By 1810, 1/7th of the U.S. population lived in the West; By 1840 over 1/3rd lived in the West Congress quickly admitted 5 states to the Union: Indiana (1816) Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Mississippi (1817) Louisiana (1812)

Sectional Disputes The Era of Good Feelings started with a wave of national unity, but sectional disputes between the North & South emerged & would dominate politics for next 40 years Disagreed over the use of protective tariffs, especially when cotton prices fell in 1820s Disagreed over slavery in the western territories & states

Missouri Compromise Population was growing more rapidly in North, so House of Reps favored Northerners In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state & revealed U.S. sectional rivalries: North resented Southern control of presidency & its 3/5-inflated representation in House of Reps South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri only if its state constitution provided for the gradual elimination of slavery

American Slave Population, 1790-1820

Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri became a slave state Maine (which broke from Mass) was admitted as free state Slavery was banned elsewhere in the Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36°30' The Missouri controversy exposed a deep rift between North & South

Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

Conclusions The “Era of Good Feelings” led to: An improved American economy Better transportation More territory & more clearly-defined borders A foreign policy in Latin America But…sectional problems between the North & South

Essential Question: How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s? Lesson Plan for Thursday, October 9, 2008: Warm-Up Question, Market Revolution Notes

A Revolution in Transportation

A Revolution in Transportation In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” The National Road became the 1st federal transportation project Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Principal Canals by 1840 Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West

Steamboats & Canals Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds

Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat The Clermont

The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

Inland Freight Rates

The Railroad From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s Railroad Expansion by 1860 The Railroad Revolution, 1850s The Expansion of Railroads by Region Immigrant labor built railroads in the North Slave labor built railroads in the South

Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements

The Market Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Booms In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming

Rise of Commercial Agriculture Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to: Lower transportation costs New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave!

John Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

Early Industrialism In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing “Cottage Industry” Brought families extra income

Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”) Early Textile Loom Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840 (Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution) Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858 Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840

The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Lowell Boarding Houses The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

What was their typical “profile?” Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

New England Dominance in Textiles

Essential Question: What problems developed as a result of American industrialism & immigration from 1840-1860? Lesson Plan for Friday, October 10, 2008: RQ 12A, Finish any leftover notes, Immigration & Nativism Activity

The Market Revolution By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy: U.S. developed a self-sustaining national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization Northern industry Southern cotton production Western commercial farming

America in 1840 The Antebellum South Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming

Slave Population, 1820 Slave Population, 1840 Slave Population, 1860

America in 1840 The Antebellum West Land was cheap Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms: Wheat & corn Hogs & cattle Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market

America in 1840 The Antebellum North Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South Experienced rapid urbanization

U.S. Urban Centers

American Population Centers in 1820

The Market Revolution New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s 60% of the population were still involved in farming Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops