The Origins of Eastern Philosophy

Confucianism A Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of Confucius (551 – 479 BCE). Cultures strongly influenced: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. Stresses moral development of the individual so that the state can be governed by moral virtue rather than by the use of coercive laws. Why do we need laws in western society?

The Mandate of Heaven

Chinese Dynastic Cycle

Themes Ritual Relationships Filial Piety Benevolence and Mutuality Reverence and service to seniors ↔ Duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors The Five Bonds (Respect for Elders): Ruler to Ruled Father to Son Husband to Wife Elder Brother to Younger Brother Friend to Friend

Themes (Cont’d) Loyalty Humanity The Gentleman The greatest human virtue Family → Spouse → Ruler → Friends Humanity Ethic of Reciprocity (“The Golden Rule”) The Gentleman The “Perfect” Man (Junzi) Combines the qualities of saint, scholar, and gentleman Cultivate themselves morally Show filial piety and loyalty Cultivate humanity or benevolence

Criticism of Confucianism Promotion of Corruption Abuse of obedience & loyalty Inability to Evolve Filial piety can lead to stagnation Failure to adapt to a changing world (too traditional) Loss of Free Will (Individuality) If children are to obey their parents, then it is up to their parents to decide their future. Upsetting the harmony and order of parents

Criticism of Confucianism (Cont’d) Question of Individuality Timing of assumption of role as elder At what point do you become an “elder?” When can the younger generation choose their own destinies? Female Inequality Wives listening to their husbands = social harmony Examples: No names, no education, domestic responsibilities