The protestant reformation

Protestant Reformation = “Religious Reform” Renaissance: emphasized the secular & individuality (challenged Church authority) Rulers challenge Church’s political power

Corruption in the catholic church Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) Popes used excommunication to control monarchs Many priests were illiterate, broke vows of chastity & lived in luxury

Martin Luther Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. Had issues with the Catholic Church Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves. Coffer means chest

Martin Luther Luther’s ideas eventually took hold, forming a separate Christian religion called the Lutherans Luther The Catholic Church Only God could grant salvation (entrance into heaven) Faith and good works were needed for salvation All people with faith were equal, did not need priests Priests help interpret Bible All church teachings should be based on the Bible Teachings are based on the Bible, the Pope, and Church traditions

Luther’s 95 Theses In October 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! Criticized: Indulgences Power of Pope Wealth of Church Started the Protestant Reformation

the Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. People questioned the authority of the pope People grew displeased with the churches… Financial Corruption Abuse of Power Immorality

Pope’s response: Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. Excommunication- expelled him from the church. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings – Edict of Worms (1521) Pope Leo X by Raphel

Revolt!!! Peasants believe everyone equal in eyes of God, revolted against lords Princes wanted freedom from church Southern Europe: Catholic Northern Europe: Protestant

Protestantism spreads beyond Germany Leaders looked for ways to escape the church People tired of corruption PRINTING PRESS

The Printing Press Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books) People have access to books whenever they want them. Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday Like the Kindle or Nook to early modern Europeans. A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying.

JohannES Gutenberg Developed the printing press in 1440. Made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. First full-sized book printed with moveable type was the Gutenberg Bible.

PRINTING PRESS -- Changes in society Made more information available and inexpensive enough for society at large. Increased desire for learning a rise in literacy rates in Europe. Published accounts of discoveries, maps, and charts led to new discoveries. Published legal proceedings made laws more clear to common people.

Reformation Spreads What other groups separated from Catholic Church? Calvinists (1546) Founder: John Calvin (Switzerland) Influenced by Luther Wrote that men and women are sinful by nature. Humans cannot earn salvation as God chooses a few people to be saved. This is the basis of predestination. Belived in a theocracy form of gov’t

Calvinism Everyone attends religion class No one allowed to wear bright clothing or play card games Authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke rules Anyone preaching different doctrine to be burned at the stake

Anglican church -- English Reformation King Henry VIII was a devout Catholic but wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon because she could not bare him a son to become his heir. The Pope refused his divorce or to annul his marriage

Anglican church -- English Reformation Henry fearing that a war would ensue unless he had a clear heir to take over, broke from the Catholic Church and became the head of the Church of England (Protestant) England’s ties with the Catholic Church were broken for personal and political reasons rather than religious ones.

The Act of Supremacy Called on English subject to take an oath recognizing the King’s divorce from Catherine as legal and accepting Henry, not the Pope, as official head of England’s church.

Died in childbirth- Edward VI (died age 15) Queen Jane, Queen Mary I, Queen Elizabeth I

Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII Edward is crowned king, but shortly dies Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary” takes the throne Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.

Elizabeth I Elizabeth, Henry’s daughter, took over England after her half sister Mary I died In 1559, Elizabeth again established the Church of England, making it the only legal Church in England Elizabeth made the new Church moderate to appeal to both Catholics and Protestants

Impact of the Reformation Protestant churches flourished New denominations developed More emphasis on education to promote beliefs (parish school and universities) Individual monarchs and states gained power Europe culturally divided & ended Christian unity: Protestant & Catholic